Unit 7 apes review

Coal

A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material, contains sulfur

Combustion

the process of burning something

Air pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air

sulfer dioxide

SO2, a gas produced by coal burning which increases the acidification of rain water

Mercury

Hg, toxic metal released from fossil fuel combustion

Nitrous oxides

NOX,Various gaseous compounds, including NO2 and NO3, which commonly result from industrial processes involving combustion.

Hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen

Primary pollutant

A pollutant that is put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity

Secondary pollutant

A primary pollutant that has undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen, or other compounds

Acid deposition

Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface

photochemical smog

A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight

Formaldehyde

An air pollutant that is a colorless chemical used to manufacture building materials and many household products, such as particleboard, hardwood plywood paneling, and urea-formaldehyde foam insulation.

Respiratory

relating to the lungs

Industrial smog

found in cities that burn large amounts of coal, Type of air pollution consisting mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and suspended solid particles.

Thermal inversion

The temperature inversion in which warm air traps cold air and pollutants near the earth.

natural air pollution

dust, wildfires, volcanoes, and plants

Carbon monoxide

a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas, bonds with hemoglobin getter than oxygen in the blood

Asphyxiant

substance that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation

Asbestos

A long, thin, fibrous silicate mineral with insulating properties, which can cause lung cancer when inhaled.

indoor air pollution

Compounds that affect breathing that occur indoors. Examples: woodstove smoke, furnace emissions, formaldehyde, radon, household chemicals, tobacco smoke

VOCs

Hydrocarbon solvents used in paints, stains and other products that are released into the air during the application of coatings and react with nitrous oxides and sunlight to form ozone.

lead

Pb, impacts nervous system, kidney function, immune system, reproductive and developmental systems

Sulfur oxide

(SOx) Primary source is coal burning. Primary and secondary effects include acid deposition, respiratory irritation, plant damage. Reduction methods include: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel.

Particulates

Small particles released into the atmosphere by many natural processes and human activities

Wet scrubber

removes 98% SO2 and PM, fine mists of water vapor trap PM and convert to sludge that is disposed in landfill

dry scrubber

Chemical reactions

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Anthropogenic

Human-induced changes on the natural environment

Acidification

The lowering of the pH of a solution.

Limestone

a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement.

calcium carbonate

CaCO3

acid rain effects

corrodes metals and buildings, depletes fish populations, birds lay thin eggs, leach aluminum from soil, weaken forest ability to withstand cold

Mitigation

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

Noise pollution

Any unwanted, disturbing, or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency, or causes accidents.

SPLONC

sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide