cells

What is a cell?

Are the smallest living unit in the body.

Outer boundary of the cell thet selectively allows materials to pass in and out of thr cell

Plasma membrane

The part of the cell that makes up the bulk of the cell, contains most of the cellular organelles.

Cytoplasm

The control center of a cell

Nucleus

Peroxisome

Waste remobal of the cell. It gets rid off of the byproducts produced by the metabolism of cell.

Integral protein

Are firmly embedded proteins in the two layers of the plasma membrane.

Peripheral protein

Are not embedded, they attach loosely on any of the two layers of the plasma membrane

What are the three general regions of a cell?

The plasma membrane, cytoplasma and nucleus.

Osmosis

The process by which the water goes through the plasma membrane.

What are the three ways the plasma membrane transport in and out small molecules?

By simple diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion.

By which processes the plasma membrane transport big molecules out of the cell?

Exocytosis.

By which processes the plasma membrane transport big molecules inside of the cell?

Endocytosis

What are the three types of endocytosis, (brings big molecular into the cell )

Phagocytosis (eat), Pinocytosis (drink), Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

What type of macromolecules composes the plasma membrane?

Lipids (phospholipids), sugar (glycolipids and glycoproteins) and proteins.

What are the three major cytoplasm parts?

Cytosol, organelles and inclusions

Cytosol?

It's the jellylike, fluid containing substance. Water, ions and many enzymes are present. Its function is to start the breakdown of nutrients that are raw materials and energy source for the cell activity.

Organelles?

Are the “organs” of the cell. They carry out the function that is essential for the survival of the cell.

Centrioles

They form the base of cilia and flagella

Microtubules

They are involved in cellular and intercellular movements.

Glycosomes

it stores sugar in the form of glycogen. Glycosomes also contain enzymes that make degrade the glycogen into its glucose subunits.

Peroxisomes

They are the maintenance crew, they break down cellular metabolism waste.

Are the assembly line of the manufacturing plant, producing proteins for cellular or extracellular function.

Ribosomes (an organelle in the cell)

Endoplasmic reticulum

It’s a network within the cytoplasm. You could say is like a freeway within the cytoplasm. Two types: rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The rough one helps producing proteins. Smooth: makes lipids, processes fats, and helps detoxify harmful substances.

Golgi apparatus

Processes and packages the protein and membranes made by the rough ER.

Lysosomes

They are the demolition crew. They break apart and digest unwanted substances.

Mitochondria

The organelles that produce energy for the cell. Like the power plant for a factory.

Cytoskeleton

The cell skeleton

What the two phases cycle of a cell?

Interphase: in which the cell grows and carries on its activities.

Cell division (mitotic phase): during which it divides into two cells.

Phases of the interphase

G1: the cell grow ans makes proteins. The most variable stage.

S: the cell keeps growing and duplicates its DNA

G2: The cell makes the needed enzymes for cell division.

Mitosis

Mitosis is the division of a cell's nucleus that produces two genetically identical nuclei.

What are the four stages of mitosis?

Prophase: chromosomes are condensing and becoming visible, but they are not lined up yet.

metaphase: chromosomes are lined up across the middle of the cell.

anaphase: chromosomes are being pulled apart toward opposite sides.

telophase: chromosomes have reached the two ends, and two new nuclei are forming.

The four stages of mitotic cell

Anaphase: phase during which centomers of chromosomes split; each chromatid becomes a chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle.

Chromosomes

The most complex chromatic organization occurs in chromosomes.

Macrophage

Are large immune cells found in connective tissue and many organs. Their main job is to engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris by a process called phatocytosis.