Nutrients and Energy

ANSC 3010 - Feeds and Feeding

What are the six classes of nutrients?

• water

• fats

• carbs

• proteins

• vitamins

• minerals

List the functions of water.

• solvent (digestion, circulatory, etc)

• transport medium (materials and waste)

• temp regulations (evaporative cooling)

• lubricant and cushion

• cell shape (cytoplasm)

What are the sources of water for an animal? Which is the primary source?

• drinking

• feedstuffs

• metabolic

How do animals gain metabolic water?

water is bound in substances and released through break down of nutrients and body tissues in metabolic pathways

What are considered normal losses of water for animals? Which are evaporative?

• urine

• feces

• skin surface

• sweat

• eggs

• lactation

About how much should lactating animals drink? Why is the requirement higher? (cows)

• abt 50 gals/day

• Milk is mostly water (~87%)

What two aspects of an animals life does water quality most affect?

• feed consumption

• overall animal health

Water commonly overlooked as a dietary source of _____, and should be considered when formulating supplements. If the content present in water is too high, animals can be at risk for _____ ______.

minerals

What three factors are most import when considering water requirements?

• species

• diet

• environmental conditions

List some factors that affect water intake.

• High protein diets: ^ water to dilute urea

• Ruminant: rqrd in rumen to suspend ingesta

• Feedstuff type: ^ for water absorbing (bran) and dry matter

• Animal function: lactating vs dry

• Feed intake: eat more = drink more

• Weather: hotter = ^water; colder = ^food for thermoreg. = ^water

• Water quality

• Water access

What should be considered when setting up water access for animals?

• should be available at all times

• enough space for all to drink

• height of animals (can they reach it)

What would be a sign that you should check your animals water supply?

if the go off feed

What is the expected water intake for swine and poultry?

2 parts water per 1 part dry feed

What is the main energy source in dry matter feeds and grains?

carbs

Carbs are a source of ___.

energy

What three elements are carbs generally made of?

C, H, O

List the different forms of carbs by increasing complexity/size.

• monosaccharide (1) » aka sugar

• disaccharide (2)

• polysaccharide (>2)

What are the most common simple sugars in feeds?

• Sucrose (table sugar)

• Lactose (milk sugar)

• Maltose

What two polysaccharides are most highly concentrated in plants?

Starch and cellulose

In monogastric animals, dietary carbs must be converted into ____ ____.

simple sugars

What is amylase and what does it do?

enzyme that breaks down starch

• produced by the pancreas

Where, besides the pancreas, are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing disaccharides produced?

mucosal lining of the duodenum

T/F: Cat need a high carb diet.

False: cats struggle to process carbs so they must be fed a low carb diet

Some glucose is converted in to ____. Define it.

glycogen: glucose store in the liver and muscle

What carb is the small intestine of ruminants less effective at digesting and why?

starch; less amylase secreted into small intestine due to higher digestion rate in the rumen

What are ruminant most efficient at digesting? Why?

fibrous carbs like cellulose and hemicellulose: anaerobic microorganisms in the rumen do most of, if not all of the digestion of these carbs.

What compound is responsible for making fibrous feedstuffs difficult for animals to digest? How is its content effected by plant age?

Lignin content increase as a plant matures and reduce digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose

What are highly soluble proteins called?

plasma globulins

t/f: protein is the lowest concentration of any nutrient.

false; highest

What supplies the necessary amino acids for protein synthesis?

diet an digestive processes in the GI tract

_____ Amino acids must be consumed in an animals diet.

Essential

The body can synthesize its own _____ amino acids.

nonessential

List the essential amino acids.

• Arginine

• histidine

• lysine

• isoleucine

• leucine

• methionine

• phenylalanine

• threonine

• tryptophan

• valine

• taurine (cats)

An amino acid that must be present for a specific protein synthesis. If it is absent the protein cannot be synthesized.

limiting amino acid

T/F: Ruminants can survive on a diet with no protein source.

true

What is the caveat for protein free ruminant diets?

They must have a non-protein nitrogen source

ex: urea

Why must raw soybeans be heated before being used in feed?

contains a Trypsin inhibitor

• Trypsin is a vital enzyme for digestion, so the inhibitor must be denatured to avoid digestive problems in animals

Hoe does the body utilize any excess amino acids?

they are absorbed as an energy source

What can lead to a protein deficiency? (two reasons)

• 1 or more AA is limiting

• inadequate intake of dietary protein

What are the signs of protein deficiency?

• poor growth

• reduced Nitrogen retention

• lower feed consumption

• infertility

• lower feed utilization

• lower birth weight

• reduced production

What do lipids provide in an animals diet?

• energy

• essential fatty acids

t/f: Lipids are not as effective energy sources as carbs.

F: produce 2.25x more energy than carbs

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A carbon chain with all bonds taken up by hydrogens

How is an unsaturated fatty acid different from a saturated fatty acid?

unsaturated has double bonds meaning not every spot is taken up by a hydrogen

Oils are ____ at room temp. and fats are ____ at room temp.

liquid; solid

What is the primary site of fat digestion in monogastric animals?

Small intestine

What is the connection between fats and vitamins?

adequate amts of fat are required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins

What are the end products of energy metabolism?

CO2, water, heat, and ATP

What two fatty acids are essential for mammals?

linoleic and linolenic acid » Omega 6 fatty acids

What fatty acids are required for some aquatic species?

Omega 3 fatty acids

wHAT DOES THE BODY USE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS FOr?

• cell membranes (lipid bi layers)

• prostaglandin structure

What are considered good fatty acid sources? Which do they provide?

• corn and soybean oil

• linoleic and linolenic acid

not necessarily that great for quality carcass traits in poultry or swine though

List the macro minerals

• Ca

• P

• Cl

• Mg

• K

• Na

• S

List the microminerals.

Cr, Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Zn

______ is essential part of ______ in the blood and _____ in the muscle tissues.

Iron, hemoglobin, myoglobin

_____ is a structural component of vitamin B12.

Cobalt

______ is a component of thyroid hormone.

Iodine

Which minerals are involved in nervous function?

Ca, K, Na, and Mg

________ are considered electrolytes and are important for osmotic pressure and pH regulation in body fluids.

NA, K, and Cl

Which essential macrominerals are most commonly deficient or imbalanced in livestock?

Ca, Mg, and P

Deficiency in ____ or _____ can lead to ______ in young animals.

Ca, P, rickets

What species most commonly experience problems with P deficiencies?

Grazing species

What deficiency could an animal with a high grain low forage diet possibly suffer from? What other deficiency are these symptoms similar to?

Potassium; N

What deficiency are all piglets born with?

Iron

• rapid growth with low iron reserve and inadequate supply through milk

What is a vitamin?

organic substances that are required in small amounts by the body’s tissues

Vitamins are classified as _____ or _____ soluble.

Water or fat

Fat soluble vitamins:

A, D, E, K

• stored in fatty tissue

• hard to excrete

• deficiencies don’t show for a while

• do not act as cofactors

Water soluble vitamins:

• thiamine (B1)

• riboflavin (B2)

• pyridoxine (B6)

• Cyanocobalamin (B12)

• Pantothenic Acid

• Nicotinic Acid (niacin)

• Folic Acid (folacin)

• biotin

• choline (B4)

• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

What is an enzyme cofactor?

a vitamin that is required for the activation/function of an enzyme

What does Vitamin A help with?

Vision and epithelial cell maintenance

What is vitamin D for?

Calcium absorption and bone deposition

Function of vit E in the body:

metabolic antioxidant

Vitamin K function:

blood clotting factor

What is the primary site of absorption for vitamins?

small intestine

Ruminants can synthesize ___ and ____ in the rumen and large intestine while monogastrics synthesize it in the _______

B complex and Vitamin K, small intestine

(ruminants have no dietary requirement b/c of this spare a few special cases)

List the signs of vitamin deficiency.

• anorexia

• reduced growth

• dermatitis

• weakness

• muscular incoordination

Feeding standards for formulation rations for all species are based on some measurer of ____.

energy

_______ are usually used to provide the bulk of the enrgy that an animal requires.

carbs

what are some factors that affect energy requirements?

• age

• species

• activity level

• environmental conditions

• nutrient deficiencies

What to ways are feeding standards usually expressed?

quantity/day or % of diet

what is the common weight unit used for nutrients?

ppm (aka parts per million)

What is the difference between Crude protein and true protein?

Crude protein is measured based on nitrogen content of feed

What are the various functions of nutrients?

• maintenance

• growth

• work/activity

• repro

• lactation

• fattening

• wool growth or egg production

List the factor affecting nutrient requirements.

• age/ stage of growth

• animal size

• environment

• heredity

• disease

• activity

• degree of condition

• antagonistic factors or ration imbalances

• species