English II Honors Final

Nominative Case

subjects are nouns used in the nominative case

first, locate the verb or verb phrase (action/linking)

then ask who? what? of the verb, the answer is the subject

subject complements

nouns used in the Nominative Case

explain or complement the subject in a sentence

they ALWAYS follow a being/linking verb as the main verb

predicate nominative

noun, pronoun, or group of words that follow the linking verb and rename the subject

predicate adjective

adjectives that follow the linking verb and rename the subject

direct address

nouns used in nominative case that are spoken to or directly addressed

nouns used in direct address are never the subject of a sentence

it is usually used in an imperative sentence

So “invisible you” is a subject of the sentence

direct object

in the objective case

it follows the action verb and/or receives the action of the verb

first, locate the action verb

then, ask whom? or what? of the action verb to identify the direct object

indirect object

in the objective case

answers to whom? for whom? of the direct object

MUST have a direct object

it is always located between the action verb and direct object

object of the preposition

in the objective case

a noun or pronoun that ALWAYS follows a preposition

A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence, it gives meaning to the sentence

Personal Pronouns

personal pronouns in the nominative case can have the following jobs: subject and subject complement

personal pronouns in the objective case can have the following jobs: direct object, indirect object, and object of the preposition

nominative case singular: I, you, he, she, it

nominative case plural: we, you, they

objective case singular: me, you, him, her, it

objective case plural: us, you, them

possessive pronouns

singular: mine, yours, his, hers, its

plural: theirs, yours, ours

have syntax which means they can have a job in the nominative case or the objective case (therefore, they can stand alone)

possessive adjectives

singular: my, your, his, her, its

plural: their, your, our

they are modifiers (that is why they are called adjectives) They CANNOT stand alone; they must modify a noun

Indefinite Pronouns

k

Possessive pronouns don’t have apostrophes (its) they stand on their own

OK

Comma rules

Commas separate two independent clauses. Come after a direct address and before a direct address at the end of a sentence. When a sentence begins with a “when”.

analytical essay

To break down a topic, text, or idea into its components and examine how they work together.

Interpretation and analysis of a single source or concept.

synthesis essay

To combine information from multiple sources to support an original argument or viewpoint.

Drawing connections between different texts or perspectives to form a cohesive argument.

intro paragraph

hook

illustrate/give an example

TAGS

Transition sentence

Thesis

Organizing Statement

Body paragraph

Topic Sentence (Thesis + Proof #1)

Example 1/context and quote

Analysis + Significance

Transition to next example

Example 2/context and quote

Analysis + Significance

Summary sentence and transition to next proof

Conclusion

restated thesis, summary of argument, connection to broad statement

Renaissance

means rebirth

marked a revival of classical studies, secular works, and humanism (study of liberal arts and what it means to be a human)

reason over religion

chain of being

people believed that everyone and everything was arranged in a certain hierarchy known as the Great Chain of Being

An idea that God designed an ordered system for both nature and humankind in which every creature and person had an alloted place in life

who did Shakespeare write Macbeth for

He needed King James I support so he wrote it to reflect a number of political tensions

• it’s a cautionary tale for would-be traitors

• it shows what happens when the chain of being is challenged

• it shows that excessive ambition can lead to terrible consequences

Historical Background to Macbeth

the play was inspire by Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which is about a “blood thirsty” 11th century Scottish king named Macbeth

what is a tragedy?

a serious play that involves the heroic struggles of a main character who suffers the consequence of his or her own tragic flaw or moral weakness

the ending is tragic or disastrous (result of flaw)

foreshadowing

a hint or clue about events about to happen later in the plot

monologue

a long speech given by a character to the audience or other characters on stage

soliloquy

a monologue in which a character shares his or her inner thoughts, it cannot be heard by other characters, audience hears the inner conflict

aside

a side conversation, a monologue but in smaller sections

allusion

a reference to another literary or artistic work or historical place or person

foil

when one characters qualities contrasts another characters qualities

paradox

a juxtaposition of opposites (a contradiction that carries some truth to it)

ex: war is peace

purpose is to create ambiguity (it can go either way, meaning is unclear)

verse vs. prose

verse is poetry, wealthier spoke is, can be used to emphasize romance

prose is anything that is not poetry, lower class characters spoke it

motifs and themes of Macbeth

excessive blind ambition

appearances can be deceptive (betrayal)

greed and misuse of power

guilt and regret

free will vs. fate

conflicts

external: Macbeth vs his enemies

internal: Macbeth vs his conscience

macbeth summary

Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare about a Scottish general named Macbeth who is driven by ambition and prophecy to murder King Duncan and seize the throne. Consumed by guilt and paranoia, Macbeth becomes a tyrant, committing more murders to secure his power. His wife, Lady Macbeth, also descends into madness and dies. Eventually, Macbeth is overthrown and killed by Macduff, as Scotland restores order under Malcolm, Duncan's son.

age of Enlightenment

an intellectual movement

shaped philosophy, science, culture, and technology

promoted the use of the scientific method

emphasized man’s ability to use reason to understand anything

writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment

questioned established views relating to religion, science, economics, and the government

Believed knowledge comes from experience and observation

era was dominated by Rationalism idea that humans can use reason and observation of nature to gain knowledge and to discover the order underlying all things

metaphysical poetry

metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the natural world

It is the study of being (existence) and reality

Asks the fundamental questions: “Is there a God?” and “What is a man’s place in the universe?”

examines the whole experience of man (love, man’s relationship with God, etc)

Lyrical poems and meditations

lyric poems were used for a brief but intense meditation (a form of rational examination) and characterized by wit, irony, and word play

examines a use of paradox

examines use of conceit: an extended, elaborate metaphor, its meaning carries through the entirety of the poem

Holy Sonnet X by John Donne

John Donne: born in London, catholic, then converted to Anglican

the poem reflects two passionate sides of him: love and death (somber mood)

He preferred to exercise reason over intuition to analyze the physical world

known as the father of metaphysical poets

shows his refusal to accept conventional ideas about life

using personification saying death is not that strong

How Soon Hath Time: John Milton

John Milton: known as God’s poet - his purpose was to be a poet in service of God and Paradise Lost
- Petrachan sonnet because it matches octave and sestet rhyme scheme
- 2 parts octave (talks about fleeting time of youth/on earth) and sestet (talks about how time of death is God's plan and His timing)
- no accomplishments and God makes accomplishments but takes time

contemplating his life's accomplishments on hid 23rd birthday; his sense of coming late into his talent

When I consider How my light is spent

the light spent is symbolic of his blindness or of his talent (skill, gift, grace)

Allusion to the Bible; parable of the Talents (gold coins): a servant is condemned by his wealthy master by "hiding" his gold coin and not making a profit

-he is blind
- making him feel he is useless because he can't use his talent of writing when blind (a "light")

A Modest Proposal - Jonathan Swift

a popular satirical essay “to express his sympathy for the plight of the oppressed Irish peasants and his anger at the English ruling class, whom he faulted for creating the plight”

-he is trying to raise awareness for the plight of the Irish people and criticize the situation and people causing this
- making the children meals in taverns, making the dead bodies clothes, etc. is very sarcastic

Identify the one objection that Swift states can be made about his proposal. AND, Why does he feel his proposal is sincere and not in his personal interest?

- it decrease the population of Ireland
- he feels that his proposal is sincere because he cannot profit on this like others can (wife can't have more children and child is above age to sell)- points out societal flaws

Meditation 17 by John Donne

- Donne wrote these essays on the themes of sickness and morality during the winder of 1623, when he was seriously ill
- heard church bells in his bed when sick= symbolizes death, prayer, weddings
- stages of illness/recovery and view on transient nature of human life
- Bell could be tolling for him or any man

- significance: a bell toiling represents death

John Donne uses conceits to...

declare that we are all one under God and are responsible to each other. Read though the following conceits and examine their meaning by the way of the comparisons made

To what does Donne compare a tribulation or an affliction?

- to gold and treasure
- he compares it to treasure that man does not have enough of because it is something that matures and "ripens" you and makes you fit for Eternal Life with God

Revival of Classicism and Medievalism: