English II Honors Final

Nominative Case

subjects are nouns used in the nominative case

first, locate the verb or verb phrase (action/linking)

then ask who? what? of the verb, the answer is the subject

subject complements

nouns used in the Nominative Case

explain or complement the subject in a sentence

they ALWAYS follow a being/linking verb as the main verb

predicate nominative

noun, pronoun, or group of words that follow the linking verb and rename the subject

predicate adjective

adjectives that follow the linking verb and rename the subject

direct address

nouns used in nominative case that are spoken to or directly addressed

nouns used in direct address are never the subject of a sentence

it is usually used in an imperative sentence

So “invisible you” is a subject of the sentence

direct object

in the objective case

it follows the action verb and/or receives the action of the verb

first, locate the action verb

then, ask whom? or what? of the action verb to identify the direct object

indirect object

in the objective case

answers to whom? for whom? of the direct object

MUST have a direct object

it is always located between the action verb and direct object

object of the preposition

in the objective case

a noun or pronoun that ALWAYS follows a preposition

A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence, it gives meaning to the sentence

Personal Pronouns

personal pronouns in the nominative case can have the following jobs: subject and subject complement

personal pronouns in the objective case can have the following jobs: direct object, indirect object, and object of the preposition

nominative case singular: I, you, he, she, it

nominative case plural: we, you, they

objective case singular: me, you, him, her, it

objective case plural: us, you, them

possessive pronouns

singular: mine, yours, his, hers, its

plural: theirs, yours, ours

have syntax which means they can have a job in the nominative case or the objective case (therefore, they can stand alone)

possessive adjectives

singular: my, your, his, her, its

plural: their, your, our

they are modifiers (that is why they are called adjectives) They CANNOT stand alone; they must modify a noun

Indefinite Pronouns

k

Possessive pronouns don’t have apostrophes (its) they stand on their own

OK

Comma rules

Commas separate two independent clauses. Come after a direct address and before a direct address at the end of a sentence. When a sentence begins with a “when”.

analytical essay

To break down a topic, text, or idea into its components and examine how they work together.

Interpretation and analysis of a single source or concept.

synthesis essay

To combine information from multiple sources to support an original argument or viewpoint.

Drawing connections between different texts or perspectives to form a cohesive argument.

intro paragraph

hook

illustrate/give an example

TAGS

Transition sentence

Thesis

Organizing Statement

Body paragraph

Topic Sentence (Thesis + Proof #1)

Example 1/context and quote

Analysis + Significance

Transition to next example

Example 2/context and quote

Analysis + Significance

Summary sentence and transition to next proof

Conclusion

restated thesis, summary of argument, connection to broad statement

Renaissance

means rebirth

marked a revival of classical studies, secular works, and humanism (study of liberal arts and what it means to be a human)

reason over religion

chain of being

people believed that everyone and everything was arranged in a certain hierarchy known as the Great Chain of Being

An idea that God designed an ordered system for both nature and humankind in which every creature and person had an alloted place in life

who did Shakespeare write Macbeth for

He needed King James I support so he wrote it to reflect a number of political tensions

• it’s a cautionary tale for would-be traitors

• it shows what happens when the chain of being is challenged

• it shows that excessive ambition can lead to terrible consequences

Historical Background to Macbeth

the play was inspire by Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which is about a “blood thirsty” 11th century Scottish king named Macbeth

what is a tragedy?

a serious play that involves the heroic struggles of a main character who suffers the consequence of his or her own tragic flaw or moral weakness

the ending is tragic or disastrous (result of flaw)

foreshadowing

a hint or clue about events about to happen later in the plot

monologue

a long speech given by a character to the audience or other characters on stage

soliloquy

a monologue in which a character shares his or her inner thoughts, it cannot be heard by other characters, audience hears the inner conflict

aside

a side conversation, a monologue but in smaller sections

allusion

a reference to another literary or artistic work or historical place or person

foil

when one characters qualities contrasts another characters qualities

paradox

a juxtaposition of opposites (a contradiction that carries some truth to it)

ex: war is peace

purpose is to create ambiguity (it can go either way, meaning is unclear)