Module 3 (Prevet anatomy)

Long bones

1. Humerus

2. Femur

Short bones

1. Bones of the carpus (wrist)

2. Bones of the tarsus (ankle)

Flat bones

bones of the skull

Irregular bones

1. vertebrae

2. bones of the inner ear

The shaft of the long bone is called the

diaphysis

The ends of the long bone are called

epiphyses

Each epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis in young animals by a cartilage called the

epiphyses cartilage

Bones are covered by a membrane called

Periosteum

If a longitudinal section of long bone is made the outermost edges of the bone would be

compact bone (or hard bone)

The inside of the long bone is

spongy bone

The spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity contain

bone marrow

Bone is living tissue

true

Living cells in the bone are called

osteocytes

Caput

head

Tubercle/tuberosity/process

a bony prominence

Condlyle

rounded protruberance that articulates with another bone

Fossa

depression on the bone

Fovea

smaller depression on the bone

Foramen

a hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve

Spine or spinous process

sharp projection from the bone

Groove

smooth space on the surface of the bone that is occupied by a muscle or another structure

Bones “articulate” with each other to form

joints

Fibrous joints

these are present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”

Cartilaginous joints

these are temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column)

Synovial joints

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space

Synovial joints are frequently seen

where movement is involved for example the shoulder joint

Ligaments are made of thick collagen fibers that are well organized and in parallel bundles that are classified as

dense regular collagenous connective tissue (tendons as well)

Ligaments help do what?

stabilize joints

Tendons help do what?

help muscles attach to bones

Fascia is

connective tissue that is present between the skin and underlying tissue and supports blood vessels and nerves

Fascia is made of?

loose irregular connective tissue

Three types of muscle

1. skeletal muscle

2. smooth muscle

3. cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

attached to bones, under voluntary control

Smooth muscle

found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control

Cardiac muscle

found only in the heart and has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax (generate a heart beat)

Skeletal muscle is organized by

actin and myosin filaments

The branching of cardiac muscles allows for

contraction to pass between different muscle fibers quickly permitting all of the heart chamber to contract or relax at one time

Smooth muscle has striations

false

extensors

help extend limbs

flexors

flex the limbs

adductors

move limbs towards the body

abductors

move limbs away from the body

retractors

help retract structures into the body

orbicularis

circular muscle

obliquus

oblique muscle

rectus

straight muscle

sphincters

muscles around openings to help them open and close

external muscles

on outside

internal muscles

on inside