speech and hearing science - important from slides

ANATOMY OF A STOP

1. closure

2. burst/release

3. frication 

4. aspiration interval (only for voiceless stops)

frication interval

turbulent airflow after the burst (30-50ms)

aspiration interval

turbulent noise at constriction at the glottis (10-30ms), voiceless stops only

voice onset time 

interval from the burst to the first glottal pulse of vowel (40 - 80ms for voiceless stops, <20ms for voiced stops)

formants 

regions of resonance in the vocal tract

source filter theory equation 

sound at the level of the glottis + configuration of the vocal tract = sounds we hear

3 parameter model of Stevens and house 1

• tongue height

• tongue advancement 

• lip rounding 

broad band spectograms

EASIER to see, short analysis window, formants

narrow band spectograms

longer anaylsis window, vertical lines, indivdual harmonics

sine waves

• periodic

• single frequency

• building blocks of complex wave form

waveform

shows pressure changes over time

uses time domain

spectrum

• changes graphs to spectrums

• uses frequency domain

fourier analysis

identifies the frequencies in a signal

resonance 

• objects vibrate with maximum energy at a particular frequency (range)

spring mass model

• increases in stiffness causes ______ the resonant frequency

increase

spring mass model 

• increases in mass causes _______  the resonanct frequency

decrease

acoustic mass

• if Ma increases, resonance frequency _______

decreases

acoustic compliance

• if Ca increases (less stiff), resonant frequency _____

decreases

factors causing damping

• friction 

• absorption 

• radiation 

• gravity

bandwidth

• index of tuning, range of frequencies between 3 dB down point on either side of peak energy

spectrum equation 

waveform + fourier transform