Fascism Exam 1

Civil War in the U.S. + Jan 6th Rioters

• fear of a looming civil war because U.S. polity score dropped to an anocracy

• Demographic of Jan 6th indicates they were “normal people”, not those with a history of white wing extremist violence or known domestic terrorists,

Extensional vs Intensional definitions

• Extensional: a list of examples that the word being defined applies to

• Intensional: a list of characteristics that members of a category share

Civil War in the U.S. + Jan 6th Rioters

• fear of a looming civil war because U.S. polity score dropped to an anocracy

• Demographic of Jan 6th indicates they were “normal people”, not those with a history of white wing extremist violence or known domestic terrorists,

Extensional vs Intensional definitions

• Extensional: a list of examples that the word being defined applies to

• Intensional: a list of characteristics that members of a category share

Genus vs Differentia

• Genus: A class/group or family that things belong to; what they have in common

• Differentia: Distinguishing features between things in the same category

Dahl’s 7 points of democracy generally:

• control of government decisions is vested in elected officials

• widespread suffrage/ inclusive suffrage

• Citizens can freely express themselves

Totalitarianism vs Authoritarianism

Generally, totalitarianism revolves around ideological conformity. Authoritarianism is more about power and control—there’s mentality but not an enforced ideology.

Battle of Caporetto

• Greatest defeat in Italian military history

• Ends Italy’s involvement in WWI

Fiume

• Dress rehearsal for Fascism

• Some Italians occupied Fiume out of rage that the promise of terretorial gains post-WWI weren’t held up

• eventually the Italian government demanded that the people retreat, but it was later annexed.

What was the Agrari?

• Right wing party of rural farmers that allied with the Fascists

• represented the rural bourgeoise

• correlated with distribution of rural violence

What is the mass society theory for who voted for the Nazis?

• Extremist movements appeal to individuals on the fringes of society

  • outcasts not rural farmers

• The irrational, anti-intellectuals who were attracted by the visceral nature of Nazism

What is the Class Theory of who voted for the Nazis?

• Within the same party, different groups have different types of political expression. This results in idiosyncratic and group specific radicalization hypotheses.

• Middle class voters and rich voters wanted different things from the Nazis, and the Nazis appealed to them in different ways

What is the Catchall Theory of who voted for the Nazis?

• Nazis were a “protest party” that appealed to the voters who were fed up with the ruling party but didn’t want communism

• Retrospective voting: most voters were rational and were hurt by the depression and dissatisfied with Weimar post WWI

Fascism and Anti-semitism in Italy

• Not a lot of anti-semitism from 1922-1938, jews took part in the march on Rome

• After 1938, Nazis were forcing racial laws on their fascist counterparts

  • restricted rights of Jews with a few exceptions for veterans and church goers

  • Mussolini released a pseudo-science manifesto declaring Italians are decendents of the Aryan people.

Dreyfus affair?

• French man accused of passing Gov. secrets to Germans

  • He was innocent but he was Jewish and was blamed

Klan I of the KKK?

• 1865 - no real political agenda

• During reconstruction they got increasingly violent

• By 1867 the KKK had become more “organized” and was the governing power in many counties.

Klan II of the KKK: Founder? What was the sales pitch? What was different from the first Klan?

• Reestablished in 1915 by William Simmons

• Sales pitch = “pre civil war america”; anti black, jewish, catholic

• MUCH more violent: Lynchings, shootings, burning crosses, etc.

How does the KKK fit the criteria of a fascist organization?

• Rejected civil authority

• Paramilitary

• Readily employed violence

• distinctive uniform

• Goal to restore radical exclusive past

Who was Gerald Winrod?

• Nazi sympathizer

• One of the inspirations for buzz windrip

• Proponent of biblical protestantism

  • Biblical prophecies help explain contemporary political and social development

  • America is part of “god’s plan” and will be spared

What was the Silver Legion of America?

• Silver shirts

• Fascist, pro-nazi organization

• Inspired by the success of Nazi Party

• lost traction when the US joined the war and the public started to denounce nazism more strongly.

Who was Father Coughlin?

• Influential radio priest

• anti-semite

• plagiarized speech by Nazi propoganda minister

• inspiration for Bishop Prang in ICHH.

Britain and Fascism: What was the BUF? What was their nickname? What notable battle occurred with the BUF? What was the aftermath of this battle?

• BUF was the British Union of Fascists

• Blackshirts

• Battle of Cable street — deadly battle

• Aftermath: Outlawed political uniforms and essentially prohibited paramilitary organizations

Spain and Fascism: What was Rivera’s party? What was the name of the notable general? Was said general really fascist?

• Rivera’s part was the Falange

• His father was the dictator of Spain for 7 years and promoted General Franco during the Rif war.

• Franco won the spanish civil war with the help of Mussolini and Hitler

• Franco was not a fascist but he was definitely an authoritarian

  • Didn’t really do what Hitler wanted

  • Hitler gave him help and resources but didn’t actually give him much of anything in return.