Functional Groups, Monomers & Polymers

Chapters 1.1-1.2 & 2.1

Amine

Alcohol

Thiol

Ether

Aldehyde

Ketone

Carboxylic Acid/ Carboxylate

Ester

Amide

Imine

Phosphoric Acid Ester

Diphosphoric Acid Ester

Amino Acids

Contains:

• Central carbon (⍺ Carbon)

• Amino group

• Carboxylic acid group

• Side chain (R group)

• Hydrogen

Carbohydrates

AKA monosaccharides/ sugars

• General chemical formula: (CH2O)n, where n ≥ 3

• Contain multiple –OH groups

Nucleotides

Contain:

Five carbon sugar

• Ribose

• Deoxyribose

Nitrogenous base → determines nucleotide name

• Adenine

• Guanine

• Cytosine

• Thymine

• Uracil

Phosphate group(s)

• More phosphates = more energy

Lipids

Lipids (fats) have a variety of structures, but most are nonpolar (lack lot’s of activity) molecules with

hydrocarbon skeletons

• One important lipid in human health is cholesterol

Amino Acids

Link to Form Polypeptides (AKA Proteins)

▪Amino acid residues are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides

▪Polypeptide sequences are always drawn and read from the amino end →

carboxyl end

▪ Types of side chains determine the protein’s conformation and function (form= function)

Nucleotides

Nucleotides Link to Form Polynucleotides ( AKA Nucleic Acids)

▪Nucleotide residues link via phosphodiester bonds

▪Polymers of nucleotides yield nucleic acids, which carry our genetic information

▪ Include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA

Sugars

Polymers of Sugars are Polysaccharides

▪Monosaccharide residues are linked by glycosidic bonds

▪ Only a few different monosaccharides combine (many have the same function so great variation is not necessary)

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Make Fat/ lipids

Not formed in head to tail manner due to being non polar

Not water soluble