Unit 5 AP World History Vocab

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Baron de Montesquieu

Believed government should have separation of powers to prevent corruption and tyranny

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A French Philosophe who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776; a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Laissez-faire

Policy that the government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader, writer, and Deist who wrote the influential pamphlet "Common Sense" which outlined many reasons for American independence from England

Conservatism

A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

Socialism

system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Utopian Socialists

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Anti-semitism

Prejudice and hatred against Jews

Declaration of independence

The document recording the proclamation of the Second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

A major influencer of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Toussaint L’Overture

A former slave who led a successful slave rebellion in Haiti.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

Seed drill

invented by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves; allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

Water Frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright; used water power to drive the spinning wheel

Interchangeable parts

Invented by Eli Whitney; if a particular component of a machine were to break, it could be replaced with a new identical component

Assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Enclosure movements

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Human capital

the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific;

increased the Russian role in Asia

Company rule

the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide

use in industry (1736-1819).

Cooling stations

- seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal

Second industrial revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy

industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor of the telephone

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US, completed in 1869

Mamluks

former Turkish slaves of the Ottoman Empire formed a military class who ruled Egypt for over 600 years

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman

governor, but had imperial ambitions.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Commodore of the US Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west in 1853

Meiji Revolution

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which

a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Zaibatsu

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan

corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

stockholders

people or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners

monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

bessemer process

- A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron

to quickly remove impurities.

transnational companies

Companies that operated across national boundaries

consumerism

the preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods

labor unions

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and

utilitarianism (1806-1873)

utilitarianism

- idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

karl marx

German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 and is considered to be the "father" of communism

proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all

property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

mahmud II

19th Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms

on Western precedents.

tanzjmat

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model

self-strengthening movement

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and

encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

emperor guangxu

Chinese Emperor who, in 1898, implemented a series of reforms such as: westernized

government, schools & military

tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

slums

poor, run down urban neighborhoods

working class

- A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

white collar workers

one whose work is more mental than physical and involves the handling and processing of information

mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply