Define norm and give an example
Norms are rules for what behavior is deemed acceptable. An example of a norm is chewing with your mouth closed.
Define folkways and give an example
Folkways are most lightly held rules.
Example: wearing same colored socks
Define mores and give an example
Mores are strongly held rules
Ex: stealing
Define taboos and give an example
Taboos are the most strongly held rules
Ex. Incest
What is the SEMCDR model
S-source: person with the message
E-encoder: source puts message into spoken form
M-message: what the source is saying. “Content”
C-channel: how the message is sent
D-decoder: takes message out of written form and makes sense of it
R-receiver: person who gets the message
Define channel
Channel is the means used to communicate the message.
Ex: text message/calling
Define a high fidelity conversation
A conversation that gets from source to receiver without any distortion
Define a low fidelity conversation
Anything that distorts/interferes with fidelity.
Ex: poor connection on a phone call
Define four channels of communication
Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Small group
Mass communication
Define message treatment
Message treatment is how the message is delivered/conveyed.
Ex: saying “I love you” to your mom vs girlfriend
^different meanings
Define circular model and give an example
Any conversation which includes feedback
Source A switches with receiver B and vice versa
Define linear model and give an example
A model without feedback
Ex: SEMCDR model
Describe the perception-reception stage
First stage of perception
Mechanical functions of 5 senses
Describe perception-analysis
More active stage. Contextualizing information
Define double bind and give an example
A double bind is when the message and the treatment don’t match—when what is said vs how it’s said doesn’t match
Ex: saying “I’m so happy” while crying hysterically
Describe factors within stimuli/objects that influence perception
Easy/obvious
Repetition
Intensity
Contrast
Describe factors within ourselves that influence perception
Past learning experiences
Motivations
Culture
Language
Stereotypes
Roles
Mood
Attitude
Psychological tendencies
Define mediation
Something that intercedes two or more things
Ex: calling a friend is mediated conversation
Describe selective exposure and give an example
Selective exposure is the tendency to only expose yourself to stimuli you agree with
Ex: only watching Fox News/CNN news
Describe selective attention and give an example
Selective attention is the tendency to only pay attention to stimuli you agree/align with
Ex: only paying attention to the halftime show during Super Bowl
Define selective retention and give an example
Selective retention is the tendency to only retain information you align with
Ex: only remembering the bad things someone that you don’t like did
What are the 6 major factors which influence intrapersonal communication?
Self concept
Looking glass self
Basic social needs of individual
Beliefs
Attitudes
Values
Define the 8 problems with verbal language
Subcultural differences
Relative language
Euphemism
Abstraction
Equivocation
Static evaluation
Bypassing
Limited language
Define relative language and give an example
nonspecific descriptive words which only have meaning in relation to something else.
Ex: it smells so loud
Define Euphemism and give an example
Different ways to say the same thing—unpleasant term replaced with nice term
Ex: I’m so sorry for your loss vs. I’m sorry your dog died
Define Abstraction and give an example
uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined
-being vague, ambiguous
Ex: “It’s over there”
Define equivocation and give an example
When the same words have more than one definition think equivalent
way of speaking that is intentionally not clear and is confusing to other people, especially to hide the truth, or something said in this way
Ex: when a person is asked a direct yes-or-no question, and gives a vague response that doesn't answer the question, that person is equivocating.
What is static evaluation
Words/phrases that make things seem one dimensional when they aren‘t
Ex: she’s so boring
Define Bypassing and give an example
happens when two people attached different meanings to the same word.
Ex: failing to see you agree with each other bc you are using different phrasing
Define limited language
Language is limited/reality is unlimited
What are the 6 ways words serve functions?
Act as verbal signals/stand for/refer to things in the real world
Act as performed actions and settings—we can perform actions with our words
Invoke emotion
Reduce uncertainty
Express complex ideas
Promote human contact
4 cultural differences in use of language
Elaborate vs succinct
Formality vs informality
Structure
Social circumstances
Different types of intimacy
physical intimacy
Emotional intimacy
Intellectual intimacy
Shared activity
What are the 8 reasons why we are more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
Appearance
Similarity
Reciprocity
Disclosure
Proximity
Exchange
Competence
Complementary
What is Phatic communication and give an example
Communication to open the channel for more communication
Ex: how are you?
Define small talk
Queries/replies about unimportant things to maintain connection
What does it mean to be coy and give an example
coyness is playful shyness usually demonstrated when flirting
Ex: smiling and looking away
What are submissive displays and give an example
“I’m harmless” gestures
Ex: exposing your hands//resting them on the table
What is body synchrony and give an example
Subconscious mirroring/mimicking of partner in conversation
Ex: partner crosses legs so you cross your legs
What are the different steps in the 10 model stage of relationships?
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnation
Avoiding
Terminating
What is the cost escalation strategy and give an example
weighing the cost vs reward in a relationship
Making the relationship cost more than its worth
What is pseudo de-escalation
purports that the relationship will benefit by separation. Cost escalation – attempts to make the relationship unattractive to the partner.
Withdrawal in relationships
often referred to as 'stonewalling,' or being evasive to avoid situations or conversations where one might have to be transparent and present.
What is fait accompli
something that has already happened or been done and cannot be changed
6 types of nonverbal communication
Kinesics
Paralanguage
Space
Time
Artifacts
Environment
What is an emblem and give an example
emblems are body movements directly translatable to a symbol/phrase
Ex: peace sign
Define illustrators and give an example
Illustrators are movements accompanying verbal language
Ex: hand movements to emphasize speech
Define affect display and give an example
Humans display facial expressions
-gestures and body language
Ex: reacting to a joke by laughing
Define regulators and give an example
regulators are how we maintain/coordinate the act of speaking and listening
Ex: fumbling with rubber band to maintain focus
Define adaptors and give an example
Adaptors are how we adjust/move our bodies to feel more comfortable in a given situation
Usually idiosyncratic
Ex: adjusting in your chair
define Paralanguage and give an example
vocal but nonverbal aspects of speech
Ex. Speaking quickly about something you’re excited about
Define vocal qualities and give an example
Background characteristics of a person’s voice
Ex: pitch, volume
Define vocal segregates and give an example
nonverbal substitutes for words
Ex: “Uh-huh”
Define vocal fluences and give an example
uncodified sounds that fill gaps of silence
Ex: “Uhhhh” to fill gap of silence
Define vocal qualifiers and give an example
Things we do with our voice to communicate emotion
Ex: slower, faster, louder, quieter
Define Vocalizations and give an example
the act or process of producing sounds with the voice.
Ex: yawning
3 different types of listening skills
Attending
Following
Reflecting
Define attending and give an example
attending is giving physical attention to someone else (nonverbal)
Ex: posture of involvement—demonstrating with our body relaxed alertness
Define following and give an example
trying to follow speaker without leading
Ex: asking door openers
Define door opener
verbal communication to get others to talk
ex: “Really?” “So?” “Tell me more”
Define reflecting and give an example
paraphrasing essence of what the speaker is trying to communicate in your own words
Nonverbal reflecting—body language
6 reasons why we’re so deceitful
To save face
To avoid tension/conflict
To guide social interaction
To expand/reduce relationships
To gain/protect power or resources
For protection
What is deceiver’s distrust
We assume the recipients of our lies are less trustworthy
We think they share our deceitful nature
What is truth bias
we assume our partner is telling us the truth
As relationship intensifies, we are less likely to catch their lies
What is an equivocal response and give an example
Alternative to lying
Different way to say the same thing
Ex: “I’m really busy with homework so I can’t talk right now”
What is hinting and give an example
alternative to lying
More direct version of an equivocal response
Only works if recipient understands the hint
Ex: “I know you’re busy so I’ll let you go”
What is socio-sexuality
desire for sexual variety
More likely in men—interested in casual sex/hookups
What is the negative twist in stereotypes
stereotypes aren’t always negative, but they usually have negative connotation. We assume that they are the exception to the stereotype. We think we’re better than them
What are displacement gestures
The ability to refer to objects or events that are not in the here and now
Ex: innocent body language gestures that reveal a withheld opinion
What is the evolutionary perspective
Women want a man to stay with them and raise a family—need caretakers, providers
Men just want to pass on their genes
Different ways to break up
Cost escalation
Pseudo de-escalation
Fait accompli
State of relationship talk
Withdrawal
Fading away
Different aspects of Paralanguage
a. Vocal qualities
B. Vocal segregates
C. Vocal fluences
D. Vocal qualifiers
E. Pauses and silence
F. Vocalizations
G. Message treatment
H. Sarcasm
I. Accents
What might be a way of determining whether a lie is ethical?
if someone else was in your shoes, would you want them to lie to you?
Different aspects of kinesics
A. Emblems
B. Illustrators
C. Affect display
D. Regulators
E. Adaptors
F. General characteristics, smells/odors, heat, touch
ambiguity when flirting
are they flirting or are they being nice?
Gestures that can be interpreted in multiple ways