Com 10 practice questions

Define norm and give an example

Norms are rules for what behavior is deemed acceptable. An example of a norm is chewing with your mouth closed.

Define folkways and give an example

Folkways are most lightly held rules.

Example: wearing same colored socks

Define mores and give an example

Mores are strongly held rules

Ex: stealing

Define taboos and give an example

Taboos are the most strongly held rules

Ex. Incest

What is the SEMCDR model

S-source: person with the message

E-encoder: source puts message into spoken form

M-message: what the source is saying. “Content”

C-channel: how the message is sent

D-decoder: takes message out of written form and makes sense of it

R-receiver: person who gets the message

Define channel

Channel is the means used to communicate the message.

Ex: text message/calling

Define a high fidelity conversation

A conversation that gets from source to receiver without any distortion

Define a low fidelity conversation

Anything that distorts/interferes with fidelity.

Ex: poor connection on a phone call

Define four channels of communication

Intrapersonal communication

Interpersonal communication

Small group

Mass communication

Define message treatment

Message treatment is how the message is delivered/conveyed.

Ex: saying “I love you” to your mom vs girlfriend

^different meanings

Define circular model and give an example

Any conversation which includes feedback

Source A switches with receiver B and vice versa

Define linear model and give an example

A model without feedback

Ex: SEMCDR model

Describe the perception-reception stage

First stage of perception

Mechanical functions of 5 senses

Describe perception-analysis

More active stage. Contextualizing information

Define double bind and give an example

A double bind is when the message and the treatment don’t match—when what is said vs how it’s said doesn’t match

Ex: saying “I’m so happy” while crying hysterically

Describe factors within stimuli/objects that influence perception

Easy/obvious

Repetition

Intensity

Contrast

Describe factors within ourselves that influence perception

Past learning experiences

Motivations

Culture

Language

Stereotypes

Roles

Mood

Attitude

Psychological tendencies

Define mediation

Something that intercedes two or more things

Ex: calling a friend is mediated conversation

Describe selective exposure and give an example

Selective exposure is the tendency to only expose yourself to stimuli you agree with

Ex: only watching Fox News/CNN news

Describe selective attention and give an example

Selective attention is the tendency to only pay attention to stimuli you agree/align with

Ex: only paying attention to the halftime show during Super Bowl

Define selective retention and give an example

Selective retention is the tendency to only retain information you align with

Ex: only remembering the bad things someone that you don’t like did

What are the 6 major factors which influence intrapersonal communication?

1. Self concept
2. Looking glass self
3. Basic social needs of individual
4. Beliefs
5. Attitudes
6. Values

Define the 8 problems with verbal language

1. Subcultural differences
2. Relative language
3. Euphemism
4. Abstraction
5. Equivocation
6. Static evaluation
7. Bypassing
8. Limited language

Define relative language and give an example

nonspecific descriptive words which only have meaning in relation to something else.

Ex: it smells so loud

Define Euphemism and give an example

Different ways to say the same thing—unpleasant term replaced with nice term

Ex: I’m so sorry for your loss vs. I’m sorry your dog died

Define Abstraction and give an example

uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined

\-being vague, ambiguous

Ex: “It’s over there”

Define equivocation and give an example

When the same words have more than one definition ****think equivalent****

way of speaking that is intentionally not clear and is confusing to other people, especially to hide the truth, or something said in this way

Ex: when a person is asked a direct yes-or-no question, and gives a vague response that doesn't answer the question, that person is equivocating.

What is static evaluation

Words/phrases that make things seem one dimensional when they aren‘t

Ex: she’s so boring

Define Bypassing and give an example

happens when two people attached different meanings to the same word.

Ex: failing to see you agree with each other bc you are using different phrasing

Define limited language

Language is limited/reality is unlimited

What are the 6 ways words serve functions?

1. Act as verbal signals/stand for/refer to things in the real world
2. Act as performed actions and settings—we can perform actions with our words
3. Invoke emotion
4. Reduce uncertainty
5. Express complex ideas
6. Promote human contact

4 cultural differences in use of language

1. Elaborate vs succinct
2. Formality vs informality
3. Structure
4. Social circumstances

Different types of intimacy

physical intimacy

Emotional intimacy

Intellectual intimacy

Shared activity

What are the 8 reasons why we are more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

1. Appearance
2. Similarity
3. Reciprocity
4. Disclosure
5. Proximity
6. Exchange
7. Competence
8. Complementary

What is Phatic communication and give an example

Communication to open the channel for more communication

Ex: how are you?

Define small talk

Queries/replies about unimportant things to maintain connection

What does it mean to be coy and give an example

coyness is playful shyness usually demonstrated when flirting

Ex: smiling and looking away

What are submissive displays and give an example

“I’m harmless” gestures

Ex: exposing your hands//resting them on the table

What is body synchrony and give an example

Subconscious mirroring/mimicking of partner in conversation

Ex: partner crosses legs so you cross your legs

What are the different steps in the 10 model stage of relationships?

1. Initiating
2. Experimenting
3. Intensifying
4. Integrating
5. Bonding
6. Differentiating
7. Circumscribing
8. Stagnation
9. Avoiding
10. Terminating

What is the cost escalation strategy and give an example

weighing the cost vs reward in a relationship

Making the relationship cost more than its worth

What is pseudo de-escalation

purports that the relationship will benefit by separation. Cost escalation – attempts to make the relationship unattractive to the partner.

Withdrawal in relationships

often referred to as 'stonewalling,' or being evasive to avoid situations or conversations where one might have to be transparent and present.

What is fait accompli

something that has already happened or been done and cannot be changed

6 types of nonverbal communication

1. Kinesics
2. Paralanguage
3. Space
4. Time
5. Artifacts
6. Environment

What is an emblem and give an example

emblems are body movements directly translatable to a symbol/phrase

Ex: peace sign

Define illustrators and give an example

Illustrators are movements accompanying verbal language

Ex: hand movements to emphasize speech

Define affect display and give an example

Humans display facial expressions

\-gestures and body language

Ex: reacting to a joke by laughing

Define regulators and give an example

regulators are how we maintain/coordinate the act of speaking and listening

Ex: fumbling with rubber band to maintain focus

Define adaptors and give an example

Adaptors are how we adjust/move our bodies to feel more comfortable in a given situation

Usually idiosyncratic

Ex: adjusting in your chair

define Paralanguage and give an example

vocal but nonverbal aspects of speech

Ex. Speaking quickly about something you’re excited about

Define vocal qualities and give an example

Background characteristics of a person’s voice

Ex: pitch, volume

Define vocal segregates and give an example

nonverbal substitutes for words

Ex: “Uh-huh”

Define vocal fluences and give an example

uncodified sounds that fill gaps of silence

Ex: “Uhhhh” to fill gap of silence

Define vocal qualifiers and give an example

Things we do with our voice to communicate emotion

Ex: slower, faster, louder, quieter

Define Vocalizations and give an example

the act or process of producing sounds with the voice.

Ex: yawning

3 different types of listening skills

1. Attending
2. Following
3. Reflecting

Define attending and give an example

attending is giving physical attention to someone else (nonverbal)

Ex: posture of involvement—demonstrating with our body relaxed alertness

Define following and give an example

trying to follow speaker without leading

Ex: asking door openers

Define door opener

verbal communication to get others to talk

ex: “Really?” “So?” “Tell me more”

Define reflecting and give an example

paraphrasing essence of what the speaker is trying to communicate in your own words

Nonverbal reflecting—body language

6 reasons why we’re so deceitful

1. To save face
2. To avoid tension/conflict
3. To guide social interaction
4. To expand/reduce relationships
5. To gain/protect power or resources
6. For protection

What is deceiver’s distrust

We assume the recipients of our lies are less trustworthy

We think they share our deceitful nature

What is truth bias

we assume our partner is telling us the truth

As relationship intensifies, we are less likely to catch their lies

What is an equivocal response and give an example

Alternative to lying

Different way to say the same thing

Ex: “I’m really busy with homework so I can’t talk right now”

What is hinting and give an example

alternative to lying

More direct version of an equivocal response

Only works if recipient understands the hint

Ex: “I know you’re busy so I’ll let you go”

What is socio-sexuality

desire for sexual variety

More likely in men—interested in casual sex/hookups

What is the negative twist in stereotypes

stereotypes aren’t always negative, but they usually have negative connotation. We assume that they are the exception to the stereotype. We think we’re better than them

What are displacement gestures

The ability to refer to objects or events that are not in the here and now

Ex: innocent body language gestures that reveal a withheld opinion

What is the evolutionary perspective

Women want a man to stay with them and raise a family—need caretakers, providers

Men just want to pass on their genes

Different ways to break up

1. Cost escalation
2. Pseudo de-escalation
3. Fait accompli
4. State of relationship talk
5. Withdrawal
6. Fading away

Different aspects of Paralanguage

a. Vocal qualities

B. Vocal segregates

C. Vocal fluences

D. Vocal qualifiers

E. Pauses and silence

F. Vocalizations

G. Message treatment

H. Sarcasm

I. Accents

What might be a way of determining whether a lie is ethical?

if someone else was in your shoes, would you want them to lie to you?

Different aspects of kinesics

A. Emblems

B. Illustrators

C. Affect display

D. Regulators

E. Adaptors

F. General characteristics, smells/odors, heat, touch

ambiguity when flirting

are they flirting or are they being nice?

Gestures that can be interpreted in multiple ways