College biology study guide

List the 3 main parts of the cell theory.

1)all cells come from only preexisting cells

2)Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing.

3)Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.

Autotrophic

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals- Plants

Heterotrophic

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients-animals and fungi

what can only be found in plant cells??

chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole

What can only be found in animal cells??

cells- lysosomes, centrioles

Plasma membrane

has a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

• functions in transport into + out of cell

• Selectively permeable

Ribosomes

make protein synthesis

Lysosome

digestive enzyme

Nucleus

command center of cell it contains DNA

nucleolus

produces ribosomes.

Rough ER

with ribosomes, produce proteins

Smooth ER

makes lipids, does not have ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

is involved in packaging proteins and lipids in vesicles (bag)

Peroxisome

breaks down fatty acids ( make hydrogen peroxide)

mitochondria

carry out cellular respiration and produce ATP

chloroplast

green only found in plant carry out photosynthesis

vesicle

are little bags( more for transport)

vacuole

Big bags

Central vacuole(plant)

storage water,nutrients, pigment, and waste products

Cilia

much shorter than flagella little hairs that move in coordinated

Flagella

is one long "tail" and moves the entire cell

Which type of cells have at least a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes?

All cells

A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on the endomembrane system. She notices the Golgi apparatus is not receiving any proteins and that it is not able to ship any proteins. What part of the endomembrane system was probably affected by this new drug?

Transport vesicles

Which type of cell has a nucleoid region, but not a true nucleus?

bacterial cell/Prokaryotes

How does penicillin work to treat bacterial infections? Why is it that penicillin does not affect animal cells?

Because the cells don't contain peptidoglycan so the penicillin only targets the bacterial cells

disrupts formation of cell wall; animal cells don't have a cell

What are plasmids and where are they found?

Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA.

Endomembrane system

separates the cell into different compartments

nuclear envelope

surrounds the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm

rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes membranes that grows in place from the addition of proteins and phospholipids

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

continuous with the Rough ER but has a few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface

transport vesicles

small membrane enclosed transport units that transfer molecules between different compartments.

Golgi apparatus

packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles

What structures enable the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to fuse with the cell membrane?

Phospholipids

Photosynthesis occurs in organelles called ___ while cellular respiration occurs in __

Chloroplast; mitochondria

What is the cytoskeleton? List the three types of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton and the role of each.

1)microtubules
2)actin filaments
3)intermediate filaments

Each time the water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. However, in the frozen state, virtually no chemical reactions occur. The most likely explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of____which results in the cell digesting itself.

Lysosome

A____surface-area-to-volume ratio is needed to furnish nutrients to and expel wastes from the volume (cytoplasm).

Large

If a researcher was interested in slowing down the movement of amoebas by disrupting their cell membranes, which protein filaments should she be studying?

Actin filaments

During cellular movement which of the following filaments will be the ones that are responsible for attaching and pulling the other filaments along?

Myosin

What is the name of the lipid found in animal plasma membranes which regulates fluidity by stiffening the membrane at higher temperatures and preventing the membrane from freezing at lower temperatures?

Cholesterol helps

Receptor protein

Bind to a substance and initiate a change within the cell

Cell recognition

Recognize pathogens

Channel proteins

Allow passage of small polar molecules and ions through a pore in the membrane

Carrier proteins

Bind to a substance and carry it through the membrane

Aquaporins

A channel protein that assists the passage of water across the membrane

What role do glycoproteins and glycolipids play in the plasma membrane?

Cell recognition

Describe the movement of small, nonpolar molecules - such as carbon dioxide and oxygen gas - across the plasma membrane.

they just move directly through the phospholipids

Describe the movement of polar molecules (such as glucose and amino acids) and ions through the plasma membrane.

Through channel or carrier

If a cell is placed into a hypotonic solution, what will happen to the cell?

swells and becomes round

If a cell is place into a hypertonic solution, what will happen to the cell?

It will shrink

Diffusion

the net movement toward the lower concentration; type of passive transport

Osmosis

diffusion of water

crenation

when an animal cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution

Hemolysis

red blood cell burst when its placed in a hypotonic solution

Turgor pressure

develops in a plant placed in a hypotonic solution

plasmolysis

plant cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution

Active transport requires..

Active transport requires ATP molecules toward higher concentration and carrier protein

Facilitated doesn’t require ..

Facilitated DOES NOT REQUIRE ATP molecules move toward lower concentration

Endocytosis

Cells

Pinocytosis

vesicles form around a liquid or very sall particles (cell drinking)

Phagocytosis

(cell eating ) large solid material is taking in by large material

Receptor

mediated endocytosis- specific for of pinocytosis using receptor proteins and coated pit

Exocytosis

vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and secrete contents

Freshwater protozoans react to a/an____environment by removing Water through ___

Hypotonic; contractile vacuoles (pumping it out)

Some parasites and disease agents regularly change their identity before our immune system can build up substantial antibodies. How can cells change their chemical identity on a regular basis?

by changing their glycoproteins + glycolipids = cell recognition

The process by which cholesterol is transported into the cell by the binding of
LDL to its receptor and the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex is___

receptor-mediated endocytosis

All life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we hypothesize that the earliest cells also had membranes. It is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. In order for a cell to function in this type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include a ____ pump

Proton

If a living plant were moved from a freshwater aquarium to a saltwater aquarium, describe what would occur??

Plasmolysis

What type of transport mechanism is required to move sodium ions against their concentration gradient?

Active transport

Which type of cellular process will most likely be used by an amoeba in order to obtain food?

Phagocytosis

Fluidity of a membrane increases as the percentage of ___fatty acids in the phospholipids increases.

Unsaturated

The process by which a white blood cell or an amoeba engulfs bacteria is

phagocytosis

In the sodium-potassium pump, ___sodium ions are __ and __ the cell using ATP energy._potassium ions are transported

3; outside the cell ; inside

A defect in which organelle might have the biggest effect on the Na-K pump?

mitochondria- produces ATP

List the 3 main types of organisms that are capable of photosynthesis

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

What organelle is required for a eukaryotic organism to be classified as an autotroph?

Chloroplast

During the light reactions, which organelle is responsible for absorbing solar energy?

Chloroplast

The source of the energy in fossil fuels is ___ that occurred millions of years ago.

Photosynthesis

Write the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis in words AND in chemical formulas.

Carbon dioxide+ water -- sunlight glucose+ oxygen
Co2+ H2o sunlight ---C6 H12 06 + 02

Why are plants green?

Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs much of the reds and blues of white light and reflects green light

List 4 common photosynthetic pigments found in plants. List the name and describe the color of the pigment.

Chlorophyll a - green
chlorophyll b- olive garden
carotenoids- yellow orange
xanthophylls- yellow

thylakoid

little disk ( pancake) that contain chlorophylls+ the light reactions occur here

stroma

Fluid inside the chloroplast

stomata

pores on the underside of the leaf for gas exchange

Which reactions of photosynthesis occur on the thylakoid membrane?

Light reaction