Adlerian and Person-Centered Counseling Theories

Adlerian Theory

Focuses on social interests and healthy lifestyle development.

Alfred Adler

Founder of Adlerian approach, known as Individual Psychology.

Social Interest

Feeling connected to society and contributing positively.

Purposefulness of Behaviour

Actions motivated by conscious goals and social interests.

Holistic Nature

Emphasizes indivisible aspects of human personality.

Inferiority Complex

Feeling of inadequacy if not overcome leads to personality issues.

Superiority Complex

Overcompensation for inferiority, resulting in unproductive behavior.

Striving for Perfection

A major goal in Adlerian theory for personal success.

Family Constellation

Influence of birth order on personality development.

Ordinal Birth Positions

Firstborn, second born, middle, youngest, and only children.

Style of Life

Individual's methods of relating to others and governing behavior.

Family Atmosphere

Perception of family environment impacts personality development.

Positive Family Atmosphere

Democratic, accepting, open, and supportive family environment.

Negative Family Atmosphere

Authoritarian, rejecting, or overprotective family environment.

Life Tasks

Three main tasks: society, work, and sexuality.

Neurotic Fiction

Unproductive beliefs stemming from superiority complex.

Empathy

Active interest in and understanding of others' feelings.

Development of Personality

Conscious behavior shapes personality, not unconscious drives.

Therapeutic Approach

Adlerian counseling is popular internationally.

First Five Years

Crucial period for developing style of life.

Subjective Evaluation

Personal perception influences behavior and life choices.

Hopeful Theory

Adler's theory presents a positive view of human nature.

Cooperative Behavior

Socially interested individuals take responsibility for others.

Failures in Social Interest

Neurotics and criminals lack connection to society.

Psychological Health

Social interest contributes to overall mental well-being.

Work

Essential for human survival and interdependence.

Interdependence

Learning to rely on others for support.

Sexuality

Defined in relation to self and others.

Cooperation

Spirit of working together, not competing.

Spirituality

One of Adler's life challenges, not fully developed.

Coping with self

Another challenge of life according to Adler.

Courage

Willingness to take risks without knowing outcomes.

Counselling relationship

Crucial for achieving Adlerian therapy goals.

Empathic relationship

Warm, supportive, and equalitarian connection with clients.

Collaborative effort

Counselling viewed as a partnership between client and counsellor.

Active listening

Counsellors respond similarly to person-centred approaches.

Lifestyle analysis

Examining family constellation, memories, dreams, and priorities.

Family constellation

Influences self-perception and perception of others.

Early memories

Insights often gained from recollections before age 10.

Themes and details

Counsellors look for patterns in early recollections.

Open-ended questions

Encourage clients to explore unnoticed life patterns.

Interpretation

Intuitive guesses to help clients gain insight.

Empathy

Feeling what it's like to be the client.

Confrontation

Challenging clients to examine their private logic.

'The Question'

Asking clients what would change if they were well.

Encouragement

Fostering self-belief and potential for change.

Catching oneself

Becoming aware of self-destructive behaviours.

Acting as if

Clients behave like their ideal selves.

Spitting in the client's soup

Pointing out behaviours to reduce their payoff.

Task Setting

Setting short-range goals leading to long-term objectives.

Behavioural Changes

Clients gain control over their actions.

Client Choices

Clients learn to focus on positive stimuli.

Humanistic Theories

Counselling emphasizing individual choice and growth.

Self-Awareness

Understanding one's feelings and motivations.

Person-Centered Counselling

Counselling approach developed by Carl Rogers.

Non-Directive Psychotherapy

Therapy style allowing clients to guide sessions.

Self-Actualization

Drive to realize one's full potential.

Phenomenological Perspective

Focus on personal perception of reality.

Self Theory

Concept emphasizing the importance of self-awareness.

Positive Regards

Love, warmth, and acceptance needed for healthy self.

Conditional Regard

Acceptance based on meeting others' expectations.

Incongruities

Discrepancies between self-perception and actual experience.

Ideal Self

Person's aspirations of who they want to be.

Real Self

Actual state of who a person is.

Alienation

Feeling disconnected from one's true self.

Maladjustment

Inability to adapt or function effectively.

Role of the Counsellor

Holistic support for client growth and development.

Gestalt Approach

Therapeutic method focusing on awareness and experience.

Carl Rogers

Founder of person-centered counselling theory.

Counselling Applications

Used in groups, families, and individual settings.

Dysfunctionality

Failure to learn and adapt to changes.

Awareness of Self

Understanding one's identity and experiences.

Characteristically Positive

View of humans as inherently good and constructive.

Therapeutic Relationship

Connection between client and counsellor for healing.

Empathy

Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance without conditions or judgments.

Client-Centered Climate

Environment promoting client self-exploration and freedom.

Counsellor Awareness

Understanding client's verbal and non-verbal cues.

Session Direction

Unpredictable path of therapy sessions.

Client Autonomy

Client directs their own therapeutic process.

Counsellor's Role

Process expert and learner of the client.

Importance of Patience

Essential trait for effective counselling.

Client Goals

Focus on the person, not the problem.

Coping Assistance

Helping clients manage their situations.

Fully Functioning Person

Individual open to change and self-acceptance.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies to cope with reality.

Self-Exploration

Engagement in personal evaluation and understanding.

Decision Making

Improved choices in present circumstances.

Counselling Relationship

Quality over techniques in therapy effectiveness.

Core Conditions

Three essential elements for effective counselling.

Empathy

Understanding and sharing client's feelings.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Genuine acceptance of the client as a person.

Congruence

Transparency and authenticity in the therapeutic relationship.

Subjective Empathy

Experiencing the client's feelings momentarily.

Interpersonal Empathy

Understanding client's personal experiences.

Objective Empathy

Using external knowledge to understand client.

Therapeutic Empathy

Counsellor's ability to feel with clients.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Directive approach to enhance client change.

Change Talk

Client's discussion about making behavioral changes.

Counsellor-Client Relationship

Methods to strengthen therapeutic interactions.