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Adlerian Theory
Focuses on social interests and healthy lifestyle development.
Alfred Adler
Founder of Adlerian approach, known as Individual Psychology.
Social Interest
Feeling connected to society and contributing positively.
Purposefulness of Behaviour
Actions motivated by conscious goals and social interests.
Holistic Nature
Emphasizes indivisible aspects of human personality.
Inferiority Complex
Feeling of inadequacy if not overcome leads to personality issues.
Superiority Complex
Overcompensation for inferiority, resulting in unproductive behavior.
Striving for Perfection
A major goal in Adlerian theory for personal success.
Family Constellation
Influence of birth order on personality development.
Ordinal Birth Positions
Firstborn, second born, middle, youngest, and only children.
Style of Life
Individual's methods of relating to others and governing behavior.
Family Atmosphere
Perception of family environment impacts personality development.
Positive Family Atmosphere
Democratic, accepting, open, and supportive family environment.
Negative Family Atmosphere
Authoritarian, rejecting, or overprotective family environment.
Life Tasks
Three main tasks: society, work, and sexuality.
Neurotic Fiction
Unproductive beliefs stemming from superiority complex.
Empathy
Active interest in and understanding of others' feelings.
Development of Personality
Conscious behavior shapes personality, not unconscious drives.
Therapeutic Approach
Adlerian counseling is popular internationally.
First Five Years
Crucial period for developing style of life.
Subjective Evaluation
Personal perception influences behavior and life choices.
Hopeful Theory
Adler's theory presents a positive view of human nature.
Cooperative Behavior
Socially interested individuals take responsibility for others.
Failures in Social Interest
Neurotics and criminals lack connection to society.
Psychological Health
Social interest contributes to overall mental well-being.
Work
Essential for human survival and interdependence.
Interdependence
Learning to rely on others for support.
Sexuality
Defined in relation to self and others.
Cooperation
Spirit of working together, not competing.
Spirituality
One of Adler's life challenges, not fully developed.
Coping with self
Another challenge of life according to Adler.
Courage
Willingness to take risks without knowing outcomes.
Counselling relationship
Crucial for achieving Adlerian therapy goals.
Empathic relationship
Warm, supportive, and equalitarian connection with clients.
Collaborative effort
Counselling viewed as a partnership between client and counsellor.
Active listening
Counsellors respond similarly to person-centred approaches.
Lifestyle analysis
Examining family constellation, memories, dreams, and priorities.
Family constellation
Influences self-perception and perception of others.
Early memories
Insights often gained from recollections before age 10.
Themes and details
Counsellors look for patterns in early recollections.
Open-ended questions
Encourage clients to explore unnoticed life patterns.
Interpretation
Intuitive guesses to help clients gain insight.
Empathy
Feeling what it's like to be the client.
Confrontation
Challenging clients to examine their private logic.
'The Question'
Asking clients what would change if they were well.
Encouragement
Fostering self-belief and potential for change.
Catching oneself
Becoming aware of self-destructive behaviours.
Acting as if
Clients behave like their ideal selves.
Spitting in the client's soup
Pointing out behaviours to reduce their payoff.
Task Setting
Setting short-range goals leading to long-term objectives.
Behavioural Changes
Clients gain control over their actions.
Client Choices
Clients learn to focus on positive stimuli.
Humanistic Theories
Counselling emphasizing individual choice and growth.
Self-Awareness
Understanding one's feelings and motivations.
Person-Centered Counselling
Counselling approach developed by Carl Rogers.
Non-Directive Psychotherapy
Therapy style allowing clients to guide sessions.
Self-Actualization
Drive to realize one's full potential.
Phenomenological Perspective
Focus on personal perception of reality.
Self Theory
Concept emphasizing the importance of self-awareness.
Positive Regards
Love, warmth, and acceptance needed for healthy self.
Conditional Regard
Acceptance based on meeting others' expectations.
Incongruities
Discrepancies between self-perception and actual experience.
Ideal Self
Person's aspirations of who they want to be.
Real Self
Actual state of who a person is.
Alienation
Feeling disconnected from one's true self.
Maladjustment
Inability to adapt or function effectively.
Role of the Counsellor
Holistic support for client growth and development.
Gestalt Approach
Therapeutic method focusing on awareness and experience.
Carl Rogers
Founder of person-centered counselling theory.
Counselling Applications
Used in groups, families, and individual settings.
Dysfunctionality
Failure to learn and adapt to changes.
Awareness of Self
Understanding one's identity and experiences.
Characteristically Positive
View of humans as inherently good and constructive.
Therapeutic Relationship
Connection between client and counsellor for healing.
Empathy
Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Acceptance without conditions or judgments.
Client-Centered Climate
Environment promoting client self-exploration and freedom.
Counsellor Awareness
Understanding client's verbal and non-verbal cues.
Session Direction
Unpredictable path of therapy sessions.
Client Autonomy
Client directs their own therapeutic process.
Counsellor's Role
Process expert and learner of the client.
Importance of Patience
Essential trait for effective counselling.
Client Goals
Focus on the person, not the problem.
Coping Assistance
Helping clients manage their situations.
Fully Functioning Person
Individual open to change and self-acceptance.
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological strategies to cope with reality.
Self-Exploration
Engagement in personal evaluation and understanding.
Decision Making
Improved choices in present circumstances.
Counselling Relationship
Quality over techniques in therapy effectiveness.
Core Conditions
Three essential elements for effective counselling.
Empathy
Understanding and sharing client's feelings.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Genuine acceptance of the client as a person.
Congruence
Transparency and authenticity in the therapeutic relationship.
Subjective Empathy
Experiencing the client's feelings momentarily.
Interpersonal Empathy
Understanding client's personal experiences.
Objective Empathy
Using external knowledge to understand client.
Therapeutic Empathy
Counsellor's ability to feel with clients.
Motivational Interviewing (MI)
Directive approach to enhance client change.
Change Talk
Client's discussion about making behavioral changes.
Counsellor-Client Relationship
Methods to strengthen therapeutic interactions.
