224 EOC vocabulary Biology Sophomore year

abiotic factor

A non-living component of an ecosystem

activation energy

the energy required to begin a chemical reaction

active transport

the movement of a substance across a cellular membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using specific transport proteins and energy from ATP

adaptation

a characteristic that can improve an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

a molecule that is formed during cellular energy release when an ATP molecule loses a phosphate group and can be converted back to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group and energy.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule that provide energy for many cellular activities. ATP releases energy when one of its high-energy bonds are broken by removing a phosphate group

aerobic respiration

a form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen to generate energy by converting glucose into CO2 and H2O and then molecules to produce ATP

agriculture

the practice of raising and harvesting plants and/or animals for food. fiber or other useful products; also can be called farming

air quality

a measure of the air condition in an environment relative to the requirements to maintain an internally balanced state of humans or other species

allele

an alternate variation of a gene. each gene has two alleles that interact to produce a specific genotype and resulting phenotype

amino acid

a monomer or “building block” of protein; there are 20 amino acids.

anaerobic respiration

a form of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces ATP by breaking down glucose molecules (e.g., fermentation).

analogous structure

a physical structure present in different species that has a similar function but did not result from sharing a recent common ancestor. This structure often evolved in response to similar environmental conditions (e.g., insect wings and bird wings).

anaphase

the third stage or meioso