Studied by 38 people
taxonomy
science of classification
founded by carolus linnaeus
his taxa only included kingdom through species with domain added later
binomial nomenclature
genus and species
italicized, first letter capitalized for genus, lowercase species
taxa order
domain → kingdom → phyllum → class → order → family → genus → species
domains
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
bacteria characteristics
prokaryotic
unicellular
cell wall of peptidoglycan
asexual reproduction
both auto and heterotrophic
shaped like rods, spheres, and spirals
archaea characteristics
prokaryotic
unicellular
cell wall of not peptidoglycan
asexual reproduction
both auto and heterotrophic
live in extreme environments
eukarya characteristics
eukaryotic
mostly multicellular
if cell wall is present it is made of cellulose or chitin
(a)sexual reproduction
auto and heterotrophic
eukarya kingdoms
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
protista characteristics
mostly unicellular (things like seaweed aren’t)
plant-like: autotrophic, cell wall of cellulose
ex. euglena and seaweed
fungi-like: heterotrophic, cell wall of chitin
ex. slime molds
animal-like: heterotrophic, no cell wall
amoebas and parameciums
fungi characteristics
mostly multicellular
heterotrophic
cell wall made of chitin
ex. mushrooms and yeast
plantae characteristics
multicellular
autotrophic
cell wall made of cellulose
ex. cucumber
animalia characteristics
multicellular
no cell wall
heterotrophic
ex. cat
animalia phyllums
porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, chordata
porifera characteristics
pore-bearing
asymmetrical
no movement (sessile)
no mouth or anus
porous for feeding
ex. sea sponge
cnidaria characteristics
comes from greek cnid (nettle)
radial symmetry
can move most of the time
only mouth, no anus
have stinging cells/primitive nervous system
ex. jellyfish and corals
platyhelmenthes characteristics
platy (flat) and helminth (worm)
bilateral symmetry
can move
only mouth, no anus
usually parasitic, flat bodied
ex. leeches, tapeworms
annelida characteristics
annelida means little rings
bilateral symmetry
can move
both mouth and anus
ringed/segmented worms
ex. earthworms
mollusca characteristics
latin moluscus (thin-shelled) from mollis (soft)
bilateral symmetry
can move
both mouth and anus
have muscular foot and a mantle (usually a shell)
ex. octopuses, clams
arthropoda characteristics
arthropod means jointed feet
bilateral symmetry
can move
both mouth and anus
jointed appendages, segmented body, and exoskeleton
ex. spiders, butterflies, and lobsters
chordata characteristics
latin chordatus (having a spine)
bilateral symmetry
can move
both mouth and anus
having a noto__chord__ - beginnings of a spine
ex. cartilaginous fish, humans, reptiles
chordata classes
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
fish characteristics
vertebrate
no limbs, no nails/claws, no hair/fur
two chambered heart
external reproduction, gills, cold-blooded, swim bladder
amphibian characteristics
vertebrate, tetrapod
no claws/nails, no hair/fur
three chambered heart
external reproduction, simple lungs (and breathing via skin), cold-blooded, moist skin
reptile characteristics
vertebrate, tetrapod, claws/nails
no hair/fur
usually three chambered heart
internal reproduction (lays soft eggs), lungs, cold-blooded, keratinous scales
bird characteristics
vertebrate, tetrapod, claws/nails
no hair/fur
four chambered heart
internal reproduction (lays hard eggs), lungs, warm-blooded, wings with feathers
mammal characteristics
vertebrate, tetrapod, claws/nails, hair/fur
four chambered heart
internal reproduction (live birth), lungs, warm-blooded, feed young with milk
human classification
eukarya
animalia
chordata
mammals
primates - large brain, flat nails, specialized nerve endings, low rounded molars
hominidae - great apes and humans, really smart
homo - gay; also large cranial capacity, bipedal, hands, opposable thumbs, ability to use tools
sapiens - humans
dichotomous key
questions or charts with two options that lead either to another question of the thing’s identity
theory of evolution
change in genetic makeup of a species or population over time
adaptation
a random difference in a trait leading an organism to become better suited for its environment over time
natural selection
developed by charles darwin
organisms best fit for their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on traits and changing the population
gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium
gradualism: slow and steady change
punctuatated equilibrium: periods of no change followed by rapid change
convergent evolution vs. divergent evolution vs. adaptive radiation
convergent evolution: organisms develop similar traits because of environmental similarities not a common ancestor
divergent evolution: species share a common ancestor but diverge into different species
adaptive radiation: one species evolves into many over time (type of d.e.)
evidence of evolution
fossils, anatomy, biochemistry, and embryology
relative vs. absolute dating
relative: using a fossil’s position in the rock layers to label it older or younger
absolute: using radioactive isotopes to find exact age of rock (usually carbon hence carbon dating)
transitional species
an intermediary fossil between two species
homologous structures
a structure shared between two different species from common ancestry
result of divergent evolution
ex. tetrapod limbs
analogous structure
structure shared because of similar environment not common ancestor
convergent evolution
ex. wings - bat and butterfly wings are different
vestigial structure
a structure that no longer serves a purpose
ex. appendixes in mammals
embryo development
similarities can show a common ancestor
ex. if it used to have gills, the embryo develops gills then loses them
biochemistry
using sequences of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) or proteins to determine evolutionary relationships
cladogram vs. phylogenetic tree
both diagrams showing evolutionary relationships between different species
phylogenetic trees show time usually
pretty much interchangeable
Note
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