Perry WC - Ch 14 / J. Calvin / Catholic Counter Reformation

Textbook + Lecture

Martin Luther

Theologist, freedom of a christian concerned with justification of soteriology; given by faith and dependent on grace

What are the 3 Solae?

1. Faith alone (and grace)

2. Christ alone

3. Scripture alone

What did Lutherans argue?

people should be full of good works bc it is a natural state of faith

What derived late medial and Renaissance?

1. Augustine V. Pelagius

   a. Augustine devoted career to antipelagius writings

   b. Pelagius believe everything done by us good or bad, saved by us

2. Aquainas (old way)

   a. tries to heel beef w/ Pelagius and Augustine, but argued we need God’s grace and is required to participate in church

3. Modern way

What do Waldensians, Wycliffe, and Hus all have in common?

they expressed that the scripture should be in dialect (common) language

How were Humanists important?

1. Printing press invented by Gutenburg 1450

2. Tacitus was a roman historian, senator says Romans becamee corrupt

What were the consequences of Reformation?

1. Priesthood of all believers - everybody equally required Gods grace and faith alone

   • Lutherans disagreed w/ order (ex: clergy are closets to God)

2. Notion of calling - everybody has calling claimed by God, to do

   • Ex: tailor in German city and making for neighbors means doing well

3. Inside —> Out -

   • Luther prioritizes inner transformation and then second outside manifestation (beauty, architecture, etc.)

4. Conscious (persona) > traditional

   • scared of traditional (error), conscious illuminated by God is certainty

   Overall more democratic and individualism

1504

Division of Churches; Roman Catholic and Orthodox

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

Wrote in Praise of Folly (1511)

Who began the Reformation?

Martin Luther; brought protestant Reformation

Who disproved the validity of Donation of Constantine?

Lorenzo Valla

1517

Luther proclaimed 95 thesis; proposition started public rebellion against church’s authority that less than one decade shattered unity of christianity

1500

failure of conciliar movement meant to form church from within world

What happened in the 14th century?

John Wycliffe became leader of two new movements in England and Jan Hus in Bohemia;

• Theologians attached church doctrines and practices

• contributed long term to protestantism in England and short term to East Europe

Who is Jan Hus?

partly influences by Wycliffe’s writings, attacked Prague Sacramental system of church, wealth, and power; argued for Bohemian independence

What happened on 1415?

Hus burned at stake

Who is Peter Waldo?

In south France (1218) Waldo led a group of reformers (Waldensians) who wanted the Bible to be read in French and emphasized inner spirituality

Devotiomoderina

religious movement inspired by mysticism (less stress on classical learning) to serve entire needs of community and trained new generation of urban based scholars and humanists

Millenarianism

belief that shortly christ, would comeback and after last judgement, start 1000 year rule of Saints on Earth; inspired by Biblical prophecies

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Personal crisis of faith and possessed will to offer example for other christians; believed clergy and church individual aren’t key to solution and in last salvation

• predestination rest on assumption God is all knowing, eternal, his will absolute: give faith to whoever he choses and for his own reasons

Freedom of a Christian Man (1520)

Called on German’s to strive for true spiritual freedom through faith by christ, to discipline themselves, obey legitimate political authority, and preform good works according to dictates of christian love; now called protestants

What did the Reformation provide for the church?

opportunity to confiscate church lands, eliminate church taxes, and gain support of their subjects as leaders of a a popular and religious movement

How are peasants and Lutheranism related?

it was a popular movement to the poor, didn’t believe in order of class, peasants revolt caused violence that Luther didn’t call for and peasants were excuted and alienated from Lutheranism

John Calvin (1509-1564)

trained as a humanist, became leader of Protestant movement that revolted against Catholic bishop (prior), emphasized power of God over sinful and corruptive humanity, saw nothing sinful over commercial activities;

• faith in God everywhere

• should obey political authority

• obedience to christian laws

1534

French Church declared Protestants heretics (contrary to orthodox) and subjected them to arrest and execution

Where was the center of international Protestantism?

Geneva

Henry VIII King (1509-1547)

Pope refused to grant Henry annulment of his marriage so he granted himself divorces summoning parliament

How are the Spanish church and Muslims related?

Spanish church wanted to drive out Muslims

1534

Henry VIII became supreme head of Anglican church; ; after his death 3 more Tudor monarch took the throne

Mainstream Protestant Reformation

magisterial because leading reformers supported political authorities; human freedom = spiritual

Radical Reformation

• Argued ordinary men and women, illiterate should have some knowledge of their salvation

• Anabaptist (largest group) led by light og conscience to seek reform and renewal of all institutions in preparation for second coming of christ

  • Captured city Munster and burned every book expect Bible

• Goals and belief threatened to push political revolution

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

fused intellectual rigor of humanism with reformed Catholicism

Jesuits 91534)

offered hope, backbone of counter reformation; store to bypass local corruption and appealed to papacy to lead truly international movement to revive christian universalism

What happened to Protestants during the Counter Reformation?

It turned aggressive and hostile towards Protestants and sent them to prison or death

Calvinists

believed sin resides in orientation of will

• end = problem, if not end = God’s gift to us

• community = primary

• marriage = unity

believed to more into world to make it better b/c they owe it to God

• fix outside, believed fixing inner man waste of time = gratitude

“Mirror” idea = Old Testament and book of Nature (scripture)

• had impact way science is done by rationalistic / orientation

• science more inductive and empirical and catholic deductive

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

faith alone (through grace alone), in Christ alone, as revealed in scripture alone

• Release = Magisterial Reformation

  1. Priesthood of all believers

  2. Lutherans concept of “calling”

  3. Lutherans “inwardness” = inner man transformation

  4. Skepticism regarding tradition

John Calvin

“Sovereignty” of Good and “corruption of human nature”

• Inner worldly asceticism = materialistic and move to world with gratitude

• “Mirror” of nature

• Doctrine of “indifferent things” (adiaphora)

• Reformed church structure

ascending hierarchy of church (source from below-up

Who were Catholic Reformers?

Loyola and Avila

What were the consequences of Catholic Reformation?

1. Descending hierarchy of authority

   • reflection of order

   • language of obedience (Ignatius)

2. Other worldly (contemplative) asceticism

   • Vision cause of perfect likeness like God

   • can be like God by participation

3. The Baroque

   • aritistic agenda (sacred images)

   • recognized there is good in materialistic world

   • outside —> in (catholics); communal than individual

4. Response of Charles V (King of Spain)

   • does opposite of Luther (he didn’t trust tradition, only conscious and god)

   • would rather rely on historical tradition than own conscious

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

condemned Protestant view, both faith and good works is in process of salvation, man can’t live freely without grace of God to move self to justice

• “we must confess”

• restriction of printers; rights to print Holy Scripture in correct manner

What are some Decrees of the Council of Trent?

• faith of human salvation and foundation of all justification

• Justification of sinners happens w/ God and fusion w/ faith, hope, and charity

• Bishops 9ordinaries) punished by law can’t mix their own interpretations / opinions of Holy Scriptures

• Images of Holy spirits and other saints can be in church due to honor given to them