221 exam 3

What legume produces a seed extracted for oil and provides a protein supplement?

soy

What prairie grass grows 5 ft tall?

big bluestem

What prairie grass is beautiful bronze in autumn?

little bluestem

Name some prairie grasses.

Big Bluestem, Little Bluestem, Sand Bluestem

Indian Grass

Switch grass

Side-oats gramma

Buffalograss

What legume is often found on hillsides along interstates, but is now considered an invasive weed, and if mature is very unpalatable?

crownvetch

What legume is often found growing in lawns?

Kentucky bluegrass

What legume is sometimes associated with bleeding problems in animals?

Sweet clover

What legume is sometimes dehydrated and sold as a meal?

alfalfa

What legume is not susceptible to the alfalfa beetle?

Bird’sfoot trefoil

What grass is often found in lawns and sometimes horse pastures?

Kentucky bluegrass

What grass is found as an annual and also a perennial?

ryegrass

What grass is affected by an endophyte fungus?

tall fescue

What grass sometimes is associated with foot problems, abortions, and unthriftyness?

tall fescue

Name 5 grasses

Common bermudagrass

Coastal bermudagrass

Dallisgrass

Bahiagrass

Carpetgrass

Name 5 legumes

alfalfa

clover

Hay

Soybean

What are the differences between grasses and legumes?

Grasses provide bulk, grow under wide range of conditions, are generally not as much nutritive value as legumes except at extreme maturity conditions, palatable when immature

Legumes are Generally higher CP, Mineral, Vit, Not much difference in TDN, CF, Fat, P, May be more digestible when young, and May be LESS digestible when mature

What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage?

correct packing

What factors affect the quality of forages?

species of plant

stage of growth

fertility

losses in harvest and storage

processing

Which is more important for high milk production in a dairy cow, maximum digestibility or maximum dry matter intake?

maximum intake

Which should be fed more protein: boars, gilts, or barrows?

Boars need the most, then gilts, then barrows

Why do boars need the most protein of pigs?

We don’t feed many boars as market pigs – boar taint issue

Why do gilts need more protein than barrows?

They are leaner, needed also to maintain feed efficiency

What are the characteristics of pastures?

fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing

What are the characteristics of silages?

forage preserved wet due to fermentation

What are the characteristics of hay?

forages dried

When are requirements highest for beef cattle?

Calving to Rebreeding

When are requirements highest for dairy cattle?

Early Lactation (First 6-10 Weeks)

When are requirements highest for pigs?

early stages of life, specifically from birth to weaning

lactation for sows

What additives might you add to silage?

fermentation stimulants

fermentation inhibitors

nutrient additives

what animals is it best to utilize crop residues as feed with?

sheep and cattle in early or mid-stages of gestation

what animals make best use of very high quality alfalfa hay?

young calves and dairy cows

what stage of production utilizes pastures most economically?

backgrounding/growing calves

What is NDF?

neutral detergent fiber and it reflects forage intake (negative relationship) indicates bulkiness of feed

What is ADF?

acid detergent fiber and it is basically cellulose and lignin. It reflects digestibility (has a negative relationship- high ADF= low digestibility)

Can horses make use of non-protein nitrogen?

no, they are monogastric

Can horses make use of cellulose?

yes, their cecum can ferment it

What percent is 100 ppm?

0.01%

What vitamin is synthesized in metabolism of all of our farm animals (but not man) so nearly never needs to be added to the diet?

vitamin C

What vitamins are always needed in the diets of ruminant animals?

A

D

E

Do we commonly feed hay to pigs?

no

Do we expect steers to grow fast and fatten when fed diets of corn stover or corn cobs?

no

When and for what animals does good pasture meet an animal's needs well?

beef cattle, sheep, and horses

anytime except for milk cows, or finishing steers and heifers

What is colostrum? Why is it so important young animals have it, and when?

first milk produced by mammals after giving birth, rich in antibodies and other essential nutrients

provides babies with passive immunity, vital growth factors, and crucial nutrients.

should ideally consume colostrum within the first few hours after birth for optimal antibody absorption

What is creep feed?

the practice of feeding nursing animals in a sectioned-off part of their environment, in order to prevent the mother from gaining access to the food

What is stocker cattle?

young, lightweight calves developed primarily on inexpensive pasture diets so they reach a desired weight

What is backgrounding?

the growing of steers and heifers from weaning until they enter the feedlot for finishing

What is compensatory gain?

Increased gain and feed efficiency an animal makes when placed on high energy feeds (grain) after being on low-energy, maintenance diets

What is "hot rations"?

feeds that are easily digestible and may increase body heat during digestion

What is grain mix?

a specially formulated blend of different types of grains, often supplemented with other ingredients like molasses, to create a balanced and nutritious feed for animals

What is concentrate mix?

a feed supplement designed to be mixed with other feedstuffs to provide a balanced diet for animals

high nutrient, low fiber

What is forage:concentrate ratio?

the proportion of forage (like hay, grass, and silage) to concentrate (like grain, protein supplements, and molasses) feeds.

What is finishing ration?

high energy rations designed to put gain on as rapidly and efficiently as possible

What is a brood cow?

a cow kept for breeding and raising calves

What is ketosis?

a metabolic problem characterized by an energy deficit, leading to the buildup of ketone bodies in the blood, and often occurring in high-producing dairy cows during early lactation or late pregnancy

What is acidosis?

results from too much lactic acid

the rumen microbes produce more acid than what can be used and rumen pH falls below 5.6 for an extended amount of time

What is displaced abomasum?

Primarily Dairy Cattle

Too much grain and/or corn silage

Abomasum is displaced from its proper position, may be folded, resulting in blockage.

What is colic?

digestive upset in horses

What is founder?

Horses, cattle, sheep, goats

Overeating, especially grain

Pain, swelling of hoof soles

What is liver abscesses?

Necrotic liver tissue - surrounded by pus

What is fat cow syndrome?

Fat accumulates in the liver

Too much concentrate fed to dry cows

How do you convert dry matter amounts to as-fed amounts?

divide by the as-fed dry matter percentage value, expressed as a decimal

How do you convert as-fed concentrations of nutrients to dry matter concentrations?

divide the as-fed nutrient concentration by the dry matter percentage

What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements?

when animals are mature and at maintenance; when animals are not growing not lactating, not pregnant or in the 1st 2/3 of pregnancy; aren’t close to calving or in the breeding season

What animals have the highest nutrient requirements?

lactation, late gestation

What animals require somewhere in between nutrient requirements?

very young animals; activity; mid-gestation

When you balance a ration by algebraic methods, how many feeds can vary (be unknowns) when you are balancing for 100 lbs or 2000 lbs of ration and for Crude Protein, (but not at the same time for energy)?

2 unknowns which would be the two main ingredients. Ex corn and SBM. you could also leave approx 3% leeway for vits/mins

if you are balancing for total amount (100 lbs or 2000 lbs), CP and TDN, how many feedstuffs MUST you allow to vary and how many equations MUST you have to simultaneously solve?

3 unknowns and therefore 3 equations. One each for Amount, Energy, and CP

Why and how would you suggest limit feeding gilts and sows?

Because you don’t want them to get fat you want them to stay lean and health, you can limit feed by using individual pens or machines to give them a certain ration of food

When and why are growing-finishing pigs limit fed?

Almost never in the US

What are the reasons for a different set of considerations for feeding horses from those used for beef cattle and hogs?

horses are athletes, not raised for production or meat

What vitamins are always added to pig, poultry and dog diets?

all the vitamins, except Vitamin C

(A,D,E,K,B-complex)

What guidelines should you follow when feeding horses?

need about 1% of Body Weight as forage

feed the same thing at the same time every day

What makes feeding horses, cats and dogs (and people) so different in principle from feeding pigs and cattle?

They aren't fed for food, but as companion animals, so we want a long, healthy life instead of rapid, efficient gains.

What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs?

Mouth size differs

Energy needs differ

Don't need different diets, just different amounts

How do you determine any specific nutrient content of a ration?

multiply the amount of feed times the % of that nutrient in the feed, and add those up for the ration to determine the % of any nutrient in the ration