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stress
a state of imbalance within a person, elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the person’s capacity to cope with those demands
humoral theory
impacts our understanding of stress and how the mind+body balance results in positive health
sociological factors of stress
social roles, perception of stressors, social forces, social resources
top life stressor
death of a spouse
chronic strains
relatively enduring problems, conflicts, and threats many people face in their daily life - arises from our social roles
role overload
when the combination of all the role demands placed on a person exceed their ability to meet them (mom, wife, daughter, employee, volunteer)
interpersonal conflicts in role sets
problems that arise from issues of reciprocity in complimentary role sets (husband-wife, employee-boss)
interrole conflict
occurs when the demands of our social roles are incompatible (parent and employee); explains why many mothers with children left the workforce during Covid
role captivity
when someone is in an unwanted role but feels that they can’t escape - feels an obligation to do one thing but prefers something else
role restructuring
situations in which long established patterns or expectations undergo considerable restructuring (adolescence to young adult)
Berger and Luckman
sociologists who theorized that reality is created through our social interactions - social construction of reality explains why there is no such thing as an objective stressor
W.I. Thomas
sociologist who recognized that individuals are affected by events only to the extent which they are perceived
thomas theorem
“if situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences” - it is a negative perception of events that makes them stressful
coping
responses that have been learned through socialization experiences and evolve over time as particular techniques work or fail to mediate stress
Cooley’s looking glass self
“ I perceive myself as others perceive me” - we then develop a self-image consistent with these perceptions
psychological resources
personality characteristics that people draw upon to help them withstand stressful events - internal control, hardiness, resilience
cognitive control
the assignment of specific interpretations to a stressful event in order to control its meaning - denial, religious belief, “it’s not that bad”
behavioral techniques
form of coping involving yoga, meditation, sports, violence, entertainment, social media, getting it done
directly address the stressor
most effective strategy for dealing with stress
social support
the relationships that people receive from their social relationships and members in groups - emotional, cognitive, material
social resources
people with meaningful ties and who perceive positive social support tend to have better physical and mental health
main effects model
asserts that social support contributes directly to well-being and positive health
buffering effects model
asserts that the beneficial effects of social support occur only in the presence of stress
emotional disturbances
stress outcomes including insomnia, headaches, hysterias, phobias, drug abuse
abnormal behaviors
stress outcomes including compulsive behaviors, aggression, withdrawal, criminal activity
psychosomatic illness
stress outcomes including hypertension, CHD, ulcers, and colitis
worsening of existing illnesses
stress outcomes including a worsening of herpes, migraines, epilepsy, shingles, and arthritis
exposure hypothesis
idea that people with lower SES are exposed to more stressful life experiences
vulnerability hypothesis
idea that stressful life experiences have a greater impact on those with lower SES, and thus a greater capacity to lead to negative stress outcomes
double disadvantage hypothesis
idea that people who hold more than one disadvantaged status may experience worse health than other counterparts (with one or none) - disparities include SES and race differences
explanations for sexual minority health problems
physical and sexual victimization, discrimination, negative life events, chronic strains, deficiency in social resources
women
___ have higher rates of psychological stress and depression (gender) - differences are found across cultures and time
coronary heart disease
1/3 of all female deaths in the US come from ___
20%
only ___ of CHD clinical trial subjects are women
female heart attack symptoms
discomfort in back and shoulders, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, lightheadedness, nausea, cold sweat
28.2 million
____ US adults have been diagnosed with CHD (11%)
696,000
____ CHD deaths annually (20%)
805,000
___ heart attacks in the US annually
declined by 50%
the CHD death rate has
___ in past 35 years
etiology of CHD
cigarette smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, high BP (140/90), family history
cancer
a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth and abnormal spread of cells
16.9 million
___ Americans have cancer
605,000
___ deaths due to cancer annually
cigarette smoking
this factor is responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths - lung, pharynx, esophageal, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney
colorectal cancer
red and processed meats are associated with
sun exposure
tanning before age 30 increases the risk of cancer by 75% because of
cancer etiology
exposure to harmful substances, radiation, pollutants, and heredity
alzheimer’s disease
a chronic, degenerative, dementing illness of the central nervous system - no current medications to stop or reverse disease progression
6 million
___ people in the US are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s
119,000
Alzheimer’s is responsible for ___ deaths annually
2/3
___ of people suffering from Alzheimer’s are women
1.5
Hispanics are ___ times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s
2
African Americans are ___ times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s - linked to a common gene mutation
increasing
trend: incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s is
Alzheimer’s etiology
beta amyloid plaques stimulates immune system to inflame the brain; molecular tangles kill brain cells
sociology Alzheimer’s etiology
lack of intellectual activities, lack of physical exercise, diets high in saturated fats and simple carbs, sleep
nosology
classification or list of diseases primarily used for diagnostic/labeling purposes
cultural variation in diagnosis
some conditions are considered evidence of mental illness in one culture, but normal in another (ex: having visions)
cultural variation in symptoms
members of different cultures manifest different symptoms in response to same psychopathology (ex: schizophrenics may be loud and aggressive or quiet and withdrawn)
cultural variations in cut-offs
most people experience mental impairments sometimes, but at what is it considered a mental disorder?
34
___ % of students were diagnosed with an anxiety disorder in 2022
anxiety disorder etiology
time on social media, mother’s education, overprotective parents, academic pressure, demands of multiple responsibilities
20
___ % of US adults experience some form of mental illness annually
50
___ % of US adults will experience a mental illness in their lifetime
ADHD
the most common mental illness in children
Wyoming, Alaska, Montana
states with the highest suicide rates
biogenic-physiological approach
idea that mental illness is an observable condition stemming from individual psychological or biological pathways
environmental/social approach
idea that mental illness relies more on subjective social judgments than objective facts
49,449
suicide accounted for ___ deaths in 2022
risk factors for suicide
access to guns, unemployment, poverty, being retired, childless, divorce, substance abuse
30%
suicide rates have increased by ___ from 2000 to 2020
biomedical paradigm
a focus solely on an individual’s physiological state and the presence or absence of sickness - defines health as the absence of disease
sociological paradigm
an approach to health that emphasizes social and cultural aspects of health and illness - based on our capacity to perform roles and tasks
prevention
behaviors that minimize the risk of disease, injury, and disability
detection
activities engaged in to detect disease, injury, disability (exams, blood pressure, screenings)
promotion
efforts or activities to encourage and persuade individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors, or disengage in health-harming behaviors
protection
policies that permit and promote good health; generally policies (clean air act, safe structures, availability of clean water)
health protective behaviors (hpbs)
individual actions taken to protect, promote, or maintain health
prescriptive hpbs
active hpbs; eating a good diet, wearing a seatbelt, exercising
proscriptive hpbs
passive hpbs; avoid smoking, avoid excessive alcohol use
avoid smoking/tobacco use
top proscriptive hpb; the single most health-damaging behavior
28.3 million
___ (11.5%) of Americans still smoke
avoid a poor diet
second most dangerous lifestyle pattern proscriptive hpb; linked to 60+ chronic diseases
73.6
___ % of adults were measured to be overweight in 2020
13.4; 42.4
between 1960 and 2018 the prevalence of obesity in the US jumped from ___ % to ___ %
avoid alcohol consumption
proscriptive hpb that contributes to 3rd largest number of deaths
250,000
medical error is responsible for up to ___ deaths annually
medical error
fourth hpb; unknown trend
upstream approach factors
availability to protective or harmful consumer products, physical structures, social structures and policies, media and cultural messages