Topic 1 - Classification - Biology 241 - University of Calgary

• Created the 'Great Chain of Being'.

What did Aristotle do?

• Hierarchical structure of all matter and life.

What is the 'Great Chain of Being'?

• Systema Naturae.

What did Aristotle inspire?

• Book that classified organisms under categories based on relatedness.

What is the Systema Naturae?

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

What is the taxonomic hierarchy? (7)

• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

What are the five various kingdoms?

• Unicellular
• No nucleus

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Monera kingdom. (2)

• Multicellular and unicellular
• Have nucleus

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Protista kingdom. (2)

• Multicellular and unicellular

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Fungi kingdom. (1)

• Multicellular
• Have nucleus
• Non-mobile
• Producers

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Plantae kingdom. (4)

• Have nucleus
• Multicellular
• Mobile
• Heterotrophic

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Animalia kingdom. (4)

• Organism that cannot produce its own food.

Heterotrophic

A: Based on their similarities and differences in their morphology.

Topic 1 Q1: How were organisms classified in the five kingdom system?

• Form and structure of an organism.

Morphology

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

What are the three domains?

• Prokaryotic
• Single-celled
• Most cell walls are peptidoglycan
• Small

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Bacteria domain. (4)

• Prokaryotic
• Small
• Single-celled
• Some cell walls are pseudopeptidoglycan
• Ribosomes are similar to eukaryotic

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Archaea domain. (5)

• Have nucleus
• Multicellular and unicellular
• Some have cell walls (plants and fungi)
• Large

List the characteristics of organisms recognized under the Eukarya domain. (4)

• DNA
• Plasma Membrane
• Ribosomes
• Cytosol

What are the similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (4)

1) Eukaryotes have multiple linear pieces of DNA while prokaryotes have a single circular piece of DNA.

2) Eukaryotes have an endomembrane system and organelles while prokaryotes do not.

3) Eukaryotes are large while prokaryotes are small.

4) Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes while prokaryotes have 70S.

What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (4)

A: Due to their lack of organelles and an endomembrane system. Their size allows for a greater surface area in the cell, allowing for quick and efficient nutrient diffusion.

T1 Q2: Why are prokaryotic cells small?

A: Due to the presence of an endomembrane system and organelles.

T1 Q3: How can eukaryotic cells be so large?

• Gene from one species becomes a part of another species.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

• Some eukaryotic organelles originated from independent prokaryotic cells.

Endosymbiotic Theory

• Archaea-like prokaryote that was ATP starved.

According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, what was the host cell?

• Bacteria-like prokaryote.

According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, what was the endosymbiont?

• Archaea received ATP while bacteria received protection.

What did the archaea-like prokaryote and bacteria-like prokaryote receive from each other?

• Endomembrane system.

What evolved once the host cell was introduced to excess ATP?

• A eukaryote with mitochondria.

After evolving an endomembrane system, the host cell turned into...

1) The mitochondria and chloroplasts in the host cell were the same size as modern prokaryotes.

2) The host cell contained circular DNA that was double stranded.

3) The organelles in the host cell divided by binary fission like bacteria.

4) The ribosomes in the host cell are similar to bacterial ones.

What are the main pieces of evidence of the Endosymbiotic Theory?

• A source of energy.
• A source of carbon.

What do organisms need to survive? (2)

• Derives their energy from light.

Phototroph

• Algae

What is an example of a phototroph?

• Derives their energy from chemicals.

Chemotroph

• Derives energy from organic chemicals.

Chemoorganotrophs

• Derives energy from inorganic chemicals.

Chemolithotrophs

• Derives carbon from the atmosphere and makes its own food.

Autotroph

• Derives carbon from other organisms and cannot make its own food.

Heterotroph