Kin 223 Exam 2

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

anaphase

Which of the following structures in function in holding organelles in place, maintaining cell shape and rigidity, and directing organelle movement?

microtubules

Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell?

0.5% NaCl

Which of the following serves to increase the surface of a cell?

microvilli

When fertilization occurs, the sperm recognizes the egg by

the unique glycocalyx on the eggs surface

Which is not characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis?

No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis

Microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called

microvilli

Identify the organelle that provides enzymes for autolysis.

lysosomes

When ligands bind to them, _________ receptors directly phosphorylate enzymes within the cell.

enzymatic

Which of the following is considered a required enzyme for the process of transcription?

RNA polymerase

The shape of skeletal muscle cells is described as

cylindrical

Which is a non-membrane-bound organelle?

microtubule

Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is

steepest and temperature is highest

Which type of protein is used by cells of immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells?

identify markers

_____ are the hollow structures formed from protein subunits that perform a variety of roles in cell division and in the structure of organelles; _____ are small fibrils that support the plasma membrane and the shape of the cell.

microtubules, microfilaments

Which type of connective tissue predominates in the deep portion of the dermis, where it lends strength to the skin?

dense irregular

Which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint?

synovial membrane

All connective tissue is formed from which embryonic germ layer?

mesoderm

The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is ____ layer.

visceral

Which body membrane protects the body from water loss and harm to internal organs?

cutaneous

Where in the body would you expect to find a perichondrium?

covering cartilage

With age, connective tissues

lose their pliability and resiliency

Endocrine glands

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid

In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consist of

protein fibers and gland substance

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)

basement membrane

Which feature is found in both cartilage and bone?

lacuna

A tissue transplant from an animal to a human is a(n)

heterograft

The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is ______ muscle

skeletal

If you gently rub your thumb and forefinger together, each finger is contacting

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called ______ epithelium

transitional

Fingernails and toenails start to form in the _____ week of development.

10th

One of the main dangers of burns is

dehydration, as water can escape from the body

Early in the development of skin, ectoderm becomes

periderm and mesoderm becomes mesenchyme

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

nail matrix

During which phase is a hair typically shed?

telogen

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to

become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end"

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum?
a: Most superficial stratum
b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers
c: Cells are dead
d: Interlocking keratinized cells
e: Cells are anucleate

a,c,d,e

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ______ sweat gland.

apocrine

Epidermal dendritic (langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response.

immune

Which is the following is not a type of hair?

keratin

The oily, waxy secretion called sebum is produced by

sebaceous glands

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?

dermal blood vessels constrict

Sebum is a secretion that

lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria

The function of melanin in the skin is to

protect against UV light

Osmosis is the diffusion of

water across a membrane

Which of the following is not an example of cells communicating through direct contact?

cells of the hypothalamus release chemical messages to induce fever

Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining what part of the cell?

glycocalyx

The ________ is the responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell.

plasma membrane

Which of the following choices describes three general functions cells must perform?

maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes

which are the smallest components of cytoskeleton?

microfilaments

The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromosomes at each pole of the cell is

telophase

The last part of interphase is called

the second "gap" phase

Which is a passive transport process?

osmosis

The membrane-bound organelle that is composed primarily of stacked cisternae and functions to transport and package materials that arrive from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in transport veiscles is the

golgi apparatus

The ______ on the surface of a cell increase surface area, while the ______ assist with the movement of substances across the surface.

microvilli; cilia

Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?

epithelial tissue

The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the

latticework structure of spongy bone

The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the ______ membrane.

cutaneous

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?

no exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is

secretion of substance for chemical digestion

Janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. Which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery?

decrease in the amount of connective tissue

Which is the first type of connective tissue to form in the embryo and the source of all other adult connective tissue?

mesenchyme

What type of muscle contains fusiform cells that function to propel materials through hollow organs?

smooth

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?

epithelial

Which of the following is not a function of simple columnar epithelium?

filtration

The type of membrane that prevents desiccation, provides lubrication, and traps bacteria and foreign particles is

mucous

Which of the following is not lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

small intestine

Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells?

stratified columnar

What type of epithelium would be most suited for high levels of diffusion and filtration?

simple squamous

Keratinocytes play an important role in producing

Vitamin D

The sloughed of cells of the periderm mix with sebum during the fetal period, creating a waterproof coating called

vernix caseosa

Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ______________.

about the same; no matter where they live

The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the _______ of the two.

reticular, thicker

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by

epidermal dendritic cells

Tactile (merkel) cells are sensitive to

touch

The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of

dense irregular connective tissue

The epithelial tissue root sheath is the _____ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ______.

inner; epidermis

The skin's response to severe injuries or burn, when functional activities are not restored, is called

fibrosis

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called

granulation tissue

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.

corneum