AP Pscyhology Unit 1.2

Nervous System 神经系统

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network.
人体快速的电化学通信网络，负责接收信息、处理信息并向身体发送指令

Example 例子：
Your nervous system receives information from the environment, processes it, and sends instructions to the body.
神经系统接收环境信息、进行处理，并向身体发送指令

Central Nervous System (CNS) 中枢神经系统

CNS = brain + spinal cord.
中枢神经系统 = 大脑 + 脊髓，是身体的信息处理和“决策中心”

Example 例子：
The brain processes information, while the spinal cord carries information between the brain and the body.
大脑处理信息，脊髓在大脑和身体之间传递信息

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 周围神经系统

sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
连接中枢神经系统（CNS）和身体其他部分，负责收集信息并传递来自CNS的指令

Example 例子：
Nerves carry information between the brain/spinal cord and muscles, glands, and sensory organs.
神经在大脑/脊髓与肌肉、腺体和感觉器官之间传递信息

Nerves 神经

bundles of axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sensory organs.
由许多轴突（axons）组成的神经束，像电缆一样连接CNS与身体

Example 例子：
The optic nerve carries messages from the eye to the brain.
视神经将眼睛的信息传递到大脑

Three Types of Neurons 三种神经元

① Sensory Neurons 感觉神经元

② Motor Neurons 运动神经元

③ Interneurons 中间神经元

Sensory Neurons 感觉神经元

carry incoming information from sensory receptors/body tissues to the CNS.
将感觉器官和身体组织的信息传入CNS

关键词：
Sensory = Afferent = IN

Example 例子：
Your skin detects heat → sensory neurons carry the information to the spinal cord/brain.
皮肤感觉到热 → 感觉神经元把信息传入脊髓/大脑

Motor Neurons 运动神经元

carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands.
将CNS的指令传出到肌肉和腺体

关键词：
Motor = Efferent = OUT

Example 例子：
The CNS tells your arm muscles to move → motor neurons carry the instruction to the muscles.
CNS命令手臂肌肉移动 → 运动神经元把指令传给肌肉

Interneurons 中间神经元

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and process information between sensory input and motor output.
存在于大脑和脊髓中，在感觉输入和运动输出之间处理信息

Example 例子：
In a reflex, interneurons in the spinal cord process the sensory information and activate motor neurons.
在反射中，脊髓中的中间神经元处理感觉信息并激活运动神经元

Somatic Nervous System 躯体神经系统

controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
控制骨骼肌的自主/随意运动

Example 例子：
Turning your head when someone taps your shoulder.
有人拍你的肩膀，你主动转头

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 自主神经系统

controls glands and internal organs and usually operates automatically.
控制腺体和内部器官，通常自动运行

Examples 例子：

• Heartbeat 心跳

• Digestion 消化

• Glandular activity 腺体活动

Sympathetic Nervous System 交感神经系统

arouses the body and expends energy.
使身体兴奋并消耗能量，帮助身体应对威胁

关键词：
Fight or Flight 战或逃

Example 例子：
During a stressful situation:

• Heartbeat ↑ 心跳加快

• Blood pressure ↑ 血压升高

• Digestion ↓ 消化减慢

• Blood sugar ↑ 血糖升高

• Sweating ↑ 出汗

Parasympathetic Nervous System 副交感神经系统

calms the body and conserves energy.
使身体平静并保存能量

关键词：
Rest and Digest 休息与消化

Example 例子：
After a stressful event, heart rate slows and the body relaxes.
压力事件结束后，心率下降，身体放松

Homeostasis 内稳态

a steady internal state of the body.
身体维持稳定的内部状态

Example 例子：
The sympathetic system arouses the body, while the parasympathetic system calms it, working together to maintain homeostasis.
交感神经系统让身体兴奋，副交感神经系统让身体平静，两者共同维持内稳态

Brain 大脑

The brain enables thinking, feeling, and acting.
大脑使我们能够思考、感受和行动

Neural networks 神经网络

groups of neurons that work together.
一组共同工作的神经元

Example 例子：
Learning a language or solving a math problem occurs as experience strengthens connections in neural networks.
学习语言或解决数学问题时，经验会加强神经网络中的连接

Spinal Cord 脊髓

a two-way information highway connecting the PNS and brain.
脊髓是连接PNS和大脑的双向信息通道

Example 例子：
It helps control reflexes.
它帮助控制反射

Reflex 反射

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus.
对感觉刺激产生的简单、自动反应

Example 例子：
Touching a flame → sensory neuron → spinal cord/interneuron → motor neuron → hand pulls away.
碰到火焰 → 感觉神经元 → 脊髓/中间神经元 → 运动神经元 → 手迅速缩回

The hand can pull away before the brain processes the pain.
手可以在大脑感受到疼痛之前先缩回