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A mix of elements including word choices, syntactical patterns, and grammar and mechanics conventions used by writers.
Diction
A writer's word choice.
Denotation
The dictionary definition of a word.
Connotations
The underlying associations of a word.
Modifiers
Words, phrases, or clauses that add description or qualification.
Formal Diction
Diction that adheres to grammatical rules and avoids colloquial or slang expressions.
Informal Diction
Diction that is more conversational and may include casual expressions used by the audience.
Figurative Language
Words or phrases that are not meant to be taken literally and often involve comparisons.
Syntax
How words are combined to form sentences.
Sentences
Structures made up of clauses, with at least one independent clause.
Compound and Complex Sentences
Longer sentences that use coordination and subordination.
Coordination
Joining clauses with coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
Subordination
Joining clauses with subordinating conjunctions (when, because, until, if).
Periodic Sentence
A sentence that begins with details, qualifications, or modifications, building toward the main clause.
Cumulative Sentence
An independent clause followed by details, qualifications, or modifications in subordinate clauses or phrases.
Parenthetical
An interruption in a sentence to provide additional information that may not be essential but furthers the writer's purpose.
Parallel Structure
The repetition of the same word, phrase, or clause for emphasis.
Antithesis
The presentation of contrary ideas using a similar grammatical structure.
Punctuation
Marks that show relationships among ideas in a given sentence and throughout a text; commas, colons, semicolons, dashes, hyphens, parentheses, quotation marks, end marks
Dramatic Irony
Contrast between what a character or writer says or thinks and what the audience knows to be true.
Understatement
Presentation or framing of something as less important, urgent, awful, good, powerful, etc., than it actually is
Irony
An incongruity between expectation and reality.
tone
the writer’s attitude toward a subject
shifts
a point in a text that indicates a change; most often a change in the writer’s or speaker’s tone or perspective
irony
an incongruity between expectation and reality
verbal irony
there is a difference between what writers say and what they mean
situational irony
a discrepancy between what seems fitting and what actually happens
Note
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