SUMMER ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

Nucleus

Contains the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.

chloroplast (plant only)

Sites of photosynthesis; convert light energy into chemical energy.

Cell wall (Plant only)

Provides structural support and protection; helps maintain the shape of the cell.

Vacuole

Stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure.

plant: One large

Animal: Several small ones

mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell; produce energy through cellular respiration.

Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes; produces proteins with ribosomes

Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

Plasma/Cell Membrane

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and ribosome assembly begins.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis.

Lysosome

Digests waste and old organelles

Centrioles (animal only)_

Help organize chromosomes during cell division

Cytoskeleton

Support, shape, movement

Central Dogma and how it relates to cellular locations and process

DNA(transcription)-RNA(translation)-Protein

• 🧠 Nucleus = Boss (stores the instructions/DNA)

• 📝 mRNA = Copy of the instructions

• 🏭 Ribosome = Worker that builds the product (protein)

• 🛠 Rough ER = Assembly line

• 📦 Golgi apparatus = Packaging and shipping department

• 🚚 Vesicle = Delivery truck

• 🚪 Cell membrane = Door where products leave the factory