Earth Space II - Intro to Petrology - Unit 7

rock

a mixture of minerals

false

true or false? rocks have to be made up of one than more mineral

granite

What rock has a mixture of 4 silicate minerals?

quartz, mica, hornblende, and feldspar

What are the 4 silicate minerals found in granite?

feldspar

What mineral changes the color of granite?

quartz

usually clear

mica

tan to black

hornblende

dull black

Feldspar

can be white, pink, or red

an outcrop

What is a solid rock exposed at the surface called?

15

About __ minerals make up 95% of the crustal rocks

bedrock

Most solid rock exists as a buried layer of _______

Igneous rocks

formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot, molten material

Igneous rocks

What rocks make up 95% of all rocks of Earth?

deep in Earth, mountains, and volcanic areas

Where are igneous rocks found?

granite

What is an example of an igneous rock?

Sedimentary rocks

What rocks are formed by the deposit, hardening, and cementing of sediments?

sand, clay, silt, and lime

What are the sediments found in sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary

_______ rocks make up 4% of all rocks, but cover 3/4 of the surface of Earth

sandstone

What is an example of a sedimentary rock?

metamorphic rocks

formed from mainly igneous and sedimentary rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure

metamorphic

___________ rocks make up only 1% of all rocks on Earth

deep in mountains and volcanic areas

Where are metamorphic rocks found?

marble

What is an example of a metamorphic rock?

Igneous rocks

What is formed by the cooling and hardening of molten material in the Earth?

fire

What is the word Igneous latin for?

magma

molten rock deep inside the Earth. hotter and chemically different from lava

lava

molten rock on or near the Earth's surface (1,800 to 2,200*F)

pyroclastics

tiny pieces of solid volcanic rock that have been explosively ejected out onto the surface by a volcano

tuff or tephra (igneous rocks)

what are pyroclastics called if welded together?

mineral composition and texture

What are the ways to classify igneous rocks?

mineral composition

the chemicals in the molten material.

felsic

____ rocks are lighter in color and have a higher silica content

mafic

____ rocks are darker in color and contain more iron and magnesium

texture

size of the mineral gains or crystals in the rock (igneous)

the cooling rate of the molten material

What is texture in igneous rocks based on?

interlocking

igneous rocks are _________ and the crystals are at random (no pattern)

true

true or false? igneous rocks contain no fossils

plutonic and volcanic

What are the two basic types of ingneous rocks?

plutonic (intrusive)

intrusive, slow cooling of magma due to the surrounding rocks that insulate it

true

True or false? plutonic forms deep in the earth

plutonic rocks

what type of igneous rock is coarse grained and has large crystals?

Granite

example of a plutonic rock?

volcanic

extrusive, fast cooling of lava on or near the surface of the Earth

volcanic

what igneous type of rock is fine grained and has very small crystals?

Basalt

example of volcanic?

porphyry

large crystals in a fine fine-grained rock (formed by irregular cooling of magma)

vesicular

composed of many bubble fine-grained rock (formed by irregular cooling of magma)

scoria or "lava rock"

what is an example of a vesicular rock?

glassy

rock that has no crystals with a smooth, glass

obsidian

what is an example of a glassy rock?

Granite

most common coarse grained rock igneous rock

granite

what is composed mainly of light silicate minerals and color varies from white, gray, pink, or red

diorite

coarse grained with medium gray color. nicknamed "salt and pepper"

Gabbro

coarse grained having a dark gray, black to greenish black color

gabbro

what is composed mainly of dark silicate minerals and is an intrusive igneous rock

rhyolite

fine grained igneous rock with the same mineral composition as granite. can show gas bubbles

andesite

fine grained with same minerals as diorite. the name comes from the rock in the andes mountains

basalt

most common fine grained igneous rock. has the same minerals as gabbro

batholith, sill, dike, laccolith, and lava flow

what are the formation and location of igneous rock bodies?

batholith

large, irregular rock mass under the surface (greater than 40 mi2). Usually made of granite (continental bedrock). Called a stock if less than 40 mi2

sill

igneous rock intrusion (sheet

dike

igneous rock intrusion (wall) that cuts across other rock layers

laccolith

dome or mushroom

stone mt., georgia

example of a laccolith?

lava flow

extrusive igneous rock from a volcano

deposit, hardening, and sometimes cementing of sediments

how are sedimentary rocks formed?

weathering and erosion of rocks/minerals on the surface

How are sediments formed?

texture and mineral composition

What are the two ways sedimentary rocks are identified?

texture

size of the sediments or materials making up the rock (sedimentary)

false, calcite

true or false? limestone is made out of bornite

clastic or detrital

composed of fragments of preexisting rocks in the form of cobbles, gravel, sand, silt, or clay

conglomerate

composed of rounded, pebble sized fragments

quartz sand, pebbles, gravel, clay, chert, flint

Examples of conglomerate minerals?

"Nature's Concrete"

What is conglomerate's nickname?

breccia

composed of angular fragments

sandstone

fine to medium grained rock composed of compacted and cemented sand

false, variety of white, brown, red, yellow due to impurities in the quartz

true or false? sandstone only comes in one color

shale

fine grained rock composed of hardend mud, clay, or silt

shale

what is nicknamed "creek rock"?

true

True or false? Shale is the most abundant sedimentary rock on Earth

chemical and/or organic

formed by the precipitation of soluble materials or more complicated chemical reactions

limestone

fine to medium-grained rock composed of the mineral calcite. will bubble in HCL acid. #1 rock in Indiana

lithographic, coquina, fossiliferous, travertine, chalk, and oolitic

What are the basic types of limestone?

lithographic

crystalline form; commonly called gravel

coquina

over 90% shell fragments cemented together. Common on Florida beaches

fossiliferous

contains many fossils and organics in a darker, more compact rock

travertine

composed of light/dark bands of precipitated calcite

caves and hot springs like Yellow National Park

where is travertine found?

chalk

soft, white, porous rock (Dover, England)

oolitic

made of small, spherical grains formed by back and forth waves in a shallow sea

dolostone

fine to medium grained rock composed of the mineral dolomite

dolostone

What mineral is nicknamed "Pink Limestone"?

false

True or false? Dolostone cannot bubble in HCL acid if the rock is powdered

rock salt

formed from the mineral Halite

rock gypsum

formed from the mineral Selenite Gypsum

in massive pieces, formed as an evaporite

How are rock salt and rock gypsum typically found?

coal

organic fossil fuel classified as a rock

peat

decayed plant material (usually brown in color and woody texture)

lignite

formed from increased pressure from peat. soft, brown to black color with many impurities