MARY MARRIAGE

Who are the three main contenders for the marriage?

Cardinal Pole, Edward Courtenay and Philip Duke of Milan

What are the pros and cons of Pole?

Pros - Yorkist link, support Catholicism in England

Cons - hasn’t lived in England for decades, been involved in rebellions (POG), a cardinal

What are the Pros and Cons of Courtenay?

Pros - Yorkist link, English

Cons - been in the tower since a child (uneducated on politics), wishy washy Catholic

What are the Pros and Cons of Philip?

Pros - fanatical Catholic, foreign alliance, wealthy

Cons - foreign, may bring influence, inquisition or get England involved in foreign wars

What does Mary raise in October, 1553 why is the date important?

raises the marriage issue with Privy Council, tells them SHE WILL marry Philip, only takes control in August so this is first move after consolidating power

What is the factional split in the Privy Council (and thus also parliament)?

Paget and Gardiner (until Gardiner dies)

Who does Gardiner want Mary to marry, why?

Courtenay, as Gardiner had been in the tower with him and educated him, creating a father-son dynamic

Why does Gardiner fall out of favour?

In November, a petition against the Spanish marriage reaches Mary, Gardiner is blamed for this

What is ironic about the November petition?

blamed on Gardiner, but Gardiner had nothing to do with it

What happens as a result of Gardiner falling out of favour?

to get back into power he proposes the burnings (but only suggests burning prominent Protestants, its under Pole that 284 are burnt)

What happens in Dec 1553?

the marriage treaty is put before the Privy council

Who is the November petition from?

members of the privy council and nobles

What happens in January 1554?

marriage treaty is agreed by Parliament

What happens in April 1554, what occurs just before this?

marriage treaty is ratified, Wyatt’s rebellion

Which candidate does Paget support?

Philip

Which candidate does Gardiner support?

Courtenay

What does the marriage treaty say about inheritance?

Children would inherit England and Netherlands, not Spain as Don Carlos would inherit

What is Don Carlos like?

inherited the madness from Joanna the mad, seen as not being suitable to be king, died in mysterious circumstances likely under the orders of Philip

Why do Engand push for the heirs to inherit the Netherlands?

want the trade! (know Antwerp is in trouble but not how bad it will get)

What does the marriage treaty say about Philip should Mary die without heirs?

Philip would have no say in England and it would pass to Elizabeth

What does the marriage treaty say about Philip’s title?

given title King, rules as a joint sovereign but didn’t have sovereign power in his own right

What does the marriage treaty say about foreigners in office?

Foreigners could not hold office in England

What does the marriage treaty say about Philip and laws?

Philip had to uphold the laws of England

What does the marriage treaty say about taking Mary out of England?

Philip not allowed to take Mary and children out of England without the permission of the nobles

What does the marriage treaty say about England having to uphold treaties?

England would have to uphold the treaties of 1543 and 1546 which would help the Netherlands with 6000 men (also positive for England as it protects trade)

Who is the marriage treaty favourable to?

England

Why does Philip accept the very pro-english treaty?

He needs England as an ally in the Hapsburg Valois war

What does Mary do when Philip leaves in 1554?

stands on the gangway until the boat disappears, in tears

What happens with the Polish ambassador in the first pregnancy?

comes in to congratulate Mary (doesn’t know), the court burst out laughing in front of Mary

What was Mary’s prayer book like?

a passage dedicated to a saint of chilbirth was found covered in tear stains

What does Mary see when she is dying?

saw children around her bed

Who was Mary Godmother to?

loads of children at court

How well did Mary and Philip know each other before marriage?

not well, no courtship

When did Mary and Philip meet for the first time?

2 days before they got married

What does Mary think of Philip?

loves him, adored him from portraits

What does Philip think of Mary?

physically repulsed, felt ‘moderate sadness’ when she died

What language problems occur between Mary and Philip?

neither speak each others language, so Mary speak French, which Philip understands and then gets a translator to answer

What factor really hindered communication?

Philip’s social awkwardness

How did Philip make an effort to be nice?

brought gifts, even tried beer

Who was Philip’s mistress?

Christina of Denmark

What did Philip do with his mistress?

she was brought to Court (Mary knows about her) and flaunted her in front of Mary

Who was there friction between?

Philips spanish and english servants

When did Mary announce she was pregnant?

in 1554 and 1558

What are some examples of Philip being shown lesss respect than Mary (that outraged the Spanish)?

Philips throne was shorter than Mary’s (Philip was short anyway, aout 5”8), on state occasions Philip had silver plates, AMry Gold

What are the different theories about Mary’s pregnancy?

1) stomach cancer

2) phantom pregnancy (for the first pregnancy she was pregnant for 11 months and only stopped after being told she wasn’t pregnant)

3) combination

4) Eating disorder - Anorexia explains symptoms

5) Weir based on French ambassador’s account, a non cancerous tumour (mole) hat was expelled but no medical records of this