Development, Erikson, Vygotsky

Continuous Development

A theory suggesting that individuals are born with skills that grow in complexity over time.

Discontinuous Development

A theory that proposes development occurs in distinct stages with significant changes between them.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between what a child can do independently and what they require help to achieve.

Scaffolding

A strategy used by a more knowledgeable other (MKO) to assist a learner in achieving tasks they cannot complete independently.

Social Speech

Communication that is spoken aloud to others, beginning at approximately age 2.

Private Speech

Self-directed speech to help with problem-solving, often starting at age 2 and becoming internal by age 10.

Silent Inner Speech

Internal dialogue occurring silently within the mind, often beginning around age 7.

Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust Stage (0-1)

The initial stage of development where infants learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs.

Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage (1-3)

A stage where toddlers develop independence by learning self-control and autonomy.

Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt Stage (3-5)

A stage characterized by curiosity and exploration, where children learn initiative.

Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority Stage (5-12)

A stage focused on peer evaluation and academic success, influencing feelings of competence.

Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion Stage (12-18)

A critical stage in adolescence where individuals explore their identity and social roles.

Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage (18-40)

A stage emphasizing the importance of forming intimate relationships.

Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage (40-65)

A stage reflecting on accomplishments and contributions to society, which may lead to a mid-life crisis.

Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair Stage (65+)

The final stage where individuals reflect on their life, seeking meaning and experiencing either wisdom or regret.

Cognitive Development Theory

Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizing the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

Social Development Theory

Lev Vygotsky’s theory stating that social interaction is crucial for understanding human development.

Nature vs. Nurture

A foundational debate in psychology focusing on whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) shapes development.

Psychosocial Development

The process of development involving emotions, temperament, and social skills throughout life.

Cognitive Development

The development of mental processes used to obtain knowledge and understand the environment.

Biological Development

The physical changes and growth of the body over a lifetime, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.