FIRST QUARTER LCS EXAM REVIEW

Self

Who you are as a person, including your identity, thoughts, emotions, values, and beliefs.

Personality

The set of behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and motives that make each person unique.

Traits

Enduring and consistent dispositions of human beings.

Hereditary

Traits inherited from parents.

Environment

Influences from family, school, and community.

Culture

Traditions, beliefs, and social norms that influence personality.

Five-Factor Trait Theory

Theory consisting of five major personality traits.

Openness

Being open to experiences and ideas.

Conscientiousness

Being organized, responsible, and disciplined.

Extraversion

A tendency toward outgoing and socially active behavior.

Agreeableness

A tendency toward cooperation and consideration of others.

Neuroticism

A personality trait involving emotional instability and negative emotional tendencies.

Developmental Tasks

Age-related responsibilities, skills, and expectations that individuals are expected to accomplish.

Late Adolescence

A stage approximately from 16–19 years old involving identity, independence, relationships, values, career preparation, and emotional development.

Early Adulthood

A stage approximately from 20–40 years old involving career, relationships, financial independence, health, and personal growth.

Protective Factors

Positive influences or experiences that help individuals cope with challenges and promote healthy development.

Risk Factors

Conditions or experiences that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes or developmental problems.

Resilience

The ability to cope with challenges and stress.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The idea that basic needs must be satisfied before focusing on higher-level goals.

Physiological Needs

Basic biological requirements necessary for survival.

Safety

The need for security and protection.

Love/Belonging

The need for relationships and connection with others.

Esteem

The need for confidence, self-worth, and recognition.

Self-Actualization

Achieving independence and reaching one’s full potential.

Self-Concept

The internal sense of who you are.

Real Self

Your actual perception of your characteristics, traits, and abilities.

Ideal Self

Your perception of what you should or would like to be.

Positive Regard

Love, acceptance, respect, care, and appreciation received from others.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting and loving a person for who they are without conditions.

Conditional Positive Regard

Positive regard that depends on meeting certain expectations.

Conditions of Worth

Expectations a person believes they must meet to receive love, acceptance, approval, or respect.

Psychosocial Development

Development of personality throughout the life cycle through different psychosocial stages.

Epigenetic Principle

Each developmental stage occurs at the proper time and builds upon previous stages.

Trust vs Mistrust

Infancy; developing trust when caregivers consistently provide care and protection.

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Ages 1–3; developing independence and confidence.

Initiative vs Guilt

Ages 3–5; developing curiosity, initiative, and purpose.

Industry vs Inferiority

Elementary years; developing competence through learning and achievement.

Identity vs Identity Confusion

Adolescence; exploring beliefs, values, interests, relationships, and future goals to develop identity.

Intimacy vs Isolation

Young adulthood; developing meaningful friendships and romantic relationships.

Generativity vs Stagnation

Middle adulthood; contributing to younger generations and society.

Integrity vs Despair

Late adulthood; reflecting on one’s life with either fulfillment or regret.

Jean Piaget

Psychologist who developed the theory of cognitive development.

Cognitive Development

How people learn to understand, think about, reason about, and solve problems in the world.

Scheme

An organized pattern of thought or action used to understand experiences.

Assimilation

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemes.

Accommodation

Modifying existing schemes to adapt to new experiences.

Adaptation

The ability to handle environmental demands.

Sensorimotor Stage

Ages 0–2; infants understand the world through senses and physical actions.

Object Permanence

Understanding that an object still exists even when it cannot be seen.

Preoperational Stage

Ages 2–7; children use symbols and language but have limited logical thinking.

Egocentrism

Difficulty understanding another person’s point of view.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance or shape.

Concrete Operational Stage

Ages 7–11; children develop logical reasoning about concrete situations.

Formal Operational Stage

Around age 12 onward; development of abstract, hypothetical, and systematic reasoning.

Morality

Principles, values, and beliefs about what is right and wrong.

Moral Behavior

The actual actions a person demonstrates based on their moral beliefs.

Moral Development

The process of developing more mature ways of understanding right and wrong.

Pre-conventional Moral Reasoning

Moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment or gaining rewards.

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience

Following rules to avoid punishment.

Stage 2: Mutual Benefit

Understanding that getting what you want may require giving something in return.

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Moral reasoning focused on fitting in and being a good member of society.

Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations

Acting according to the expectations of important people.

Stage 4: Law-and-Order

Following laws and maintaining social order.

Post-conventional Moral Reasoning

Moral reasoning based on personally accepted and universal principles.

Stage 5: Legal Principles

Protecting rights through fairness, justice, equality, and democracy.

Stage 6: Universal Moral Principles

Following self-chosen ethical principles such as human dignity, equality, and nonviolence.

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development

A theory emphasizing care and relationships in moral reasoning.

Care-Based Morality

Moral thinking focused on relationships, interconnectedness, and avoiding harm.

Justice-Based Morality

Moral thinking focused on equality, individual rights, and avoiding inequality.

Emotional Development

The lifelong process of recognizing, understanding, expressing, and regulating emotions.

Attachment

A deep, enduring emotional bond between people.

Attachment Theory

Theory stating that the emotional bond between a child and caregiver is important for healthy psychological development.

Secure Base

A caregiver who provides security from which a child can confidently explore.

Safe Haven

A caregiver whom a child seeks for comfort during fear, pain, or distress.

Secure Attachment

Attachment characterized by confident exploration, distress when a caregiver leaves, and easy comforting upon reunion.

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Attachment characterized by intense distress, difficulty being comforted, and both seeking and resisting contact.

Avoidant Attachment

Attachment characterized by little distress during separation and avoiding the caregiver upon reunion.

Disorganized Attachment

Attachment characterized by confused, contradictory, or fearful behavior.

Self-Regulation

The ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to achieve goals.

Self-Observation

Monitoring one’s own actions, emotions, and thoughts.

Self-Judgment

Comparing one’s behavior with personal goals or standards.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific tasks or situations.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, manage, and effectively use emotions.

Self-Awareness

Recognizing one’s emotions, strengths, weaknesses, and values.

Self-Regulation

Controlling impulses and responding thoughtfully rather than reacting impulsively.

Motivation

The internal drive to pursue goals with persistence and optimism.

Empathy

Understanding and sharing the feelings and perspectives of others.

Social Skills

The ability to communicate, resolve conflicts, collaborate, and build healthy relationships.