Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Flashcards

important topic flashcards based on the lecture notes about Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.

Alkyl Halide (Haloalkane)

A compound formed by replacing hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s), with the halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group.

Aryl Halide (Haloarene)

A compound formed by replacing hydrogen atom(s) in an aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s), with the halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group.

Monohalocompounds

Haloalkanes and haloarenes containing only ONE halogen atom

Polyhalogen compounds

Haloalkanes and haloarenes containing MORE than one halogen atom.

Primary Alkyl Halide (1°)

An alkyl halide in which the halogen atom is attached to a primary carbon atom.

Secondary Alkyl Halide (2°)

An alkyl halide in which the halogen atom is attached to a secondary carbon atom.

Tertiary Alkyl Halide (3°)

An alkyl halide in which the halogen atom is attached to a tertiary carbon atom.

Allylic Halide

A compound in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

Benzylic Halide

A compound in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom attached to an aromatic ring.

Vinylic Halide

A compound in which the halogen atom is bonded to a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

Aryl Halide

A compound in which the halogen atom is directly bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring.

Geminal Halides (gem-dihalides)

Dihalo-compounds in which both halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom.

Vicinal Halides (vic-dihalides)

Dihalo-compounds in which halogen atoms are present on adjacent carbon atoms.

Finkelstein Reaction

The reaction of alkyl chlorides/bromides with NaI in dry acetone to produce alkyl iodides.

Swarts Reaction

The synthesis of alkyl fluorides by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride (AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2, or SbF3).

Sandmeyer's Reaction

A reaction where a diazonium salt is treated with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide, resulting in the replacement of the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

A reaction in which a nucleophile replaces an existing nucleophile in a molecule.

Ambident Nucleophile

A nucleophile with two nucleophilic centers.

SN2 Reaction

A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that follows second-order kinetics; the rate depends on the concentration of both reactants.

Inversion of Configuration

The inversion of the configuration of the carbon atom under attack in an SN2 reaction, similar to an umbrella turning inside out.

SN1 Reaction

A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that follows first-order kinetics; the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of only one reactant.

Optical Activity

The ability of certain compounds to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.

Chirality

The property of a molecule that is non-superimposable on its mirror image.

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are related to each other as non-superimposable mirror images.

Racemic Mixture

A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions, resulting in zero optical rotation.