Chapter 12 - Promoting global health and human development

What is the overall goal of the WHO?

To promote, provide and protect health and wellbeing for all people, everywhere

What are the 3 goals of the WHO

1. Promote health: Healthier populations

2. Provide health: Universal health coverage

3. Protect health: Health emergencies

What are the objectives of the WHO goals

Promote health: Healthier populations

1. Response to climate change

2. Address health determinanants and he main causes of ill health

Provide health: Universal health coverage

3. Advance primary health care and essential health system capacities for universal health coverage

4. Improve health service coverage and financial protection to address inequality and gender inequalities

Protect health: Health emergencies

5. Prevent, mitigate and prepare for risks to health from all hazards

6. Rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergencies

Define Promote health: Healthier populations

Involves building health systems resilient to climate related diseases and addressing factors where people are born/live to ensure they experience good HWB.

Define Provide health: Univeral health coverage

Refers to having access to high quality health services/trained health workers, regardless of where people live, and ensuring health services and healthcare is affordable for all.

Define Protect health: Health emergencies

Refers to reducing risks by developing better detection/prevention to new diseases, keeping the world safe from epidemic/emergencies. Whilsts ensuring all people have quick access to essential health services druing health emergencies alongside real time info enable appropriate responses

What is humanitarian assistance?

Short-term emergency aid (like food, water, and medical care) provided to people affected by disasters or conflicts.

What are the 3 types of aid?

1. Bilateral aid

2. Multilateral aid

3. Aid provided by NGOs

What is bilateral aid, its purpose and an example

Definition:

• Aid provided by the government of one country to the government of another country

Purpose:

• Reduce poverty

• Promote long term sustainable development

• Support recipient country to becoming self sufficient

Example:

• Build a school

• Fund a small community immunisation program

Advantages and disadvantages of bilateral aid

Advantages

• Refer to purposes

Disadvantages

• Can be risky if the government of the recipient country is corrupt and the funds are not spent on their intended purpose

• Sometimes, bilateral aid projects are focused more on urban areas and neglect the poorest people who are more likely to live in remote villages

What is multilateral aid, its purpose and an example

Definition:

• Aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, WHO, or the UN.

• These organisations combine funds from many countries to support countries.

Purpose:

• Reduce poverty

• Achieve equity in health outcomes

• Promote long-term sustainable development

Example:

• Global warming

• Control diseases such as COVID-19

• Provide infrastructure projects such as sanitation systems

Advantages and disadvantages of multilateral aid

Advantages

• Greater budgets and reach than an individual country and therefore can implement global programs that would be too big for any one government to implement

Disadvantages

• NONE

What is aid provided by NGOs, its purpose and an example

Definition:

• NGOs work to promote health and human development by providing aid which is independent of governments. The focus is on providing small, community-based projects, which are often not the focus of bilateral or multilateral aid.

• Funding from governments and public donations is used to support the work of these organisations

Purpose:

• Address poverty by working with communities to provide assistance that meets the needs of the communities.

• Promotes community development and participation

Example:

• Women and girls developing leadership skills

• Providing safe drinking water and sanitation in villages

Advantages and disadvantages of aid provided by NGOs

Advantages

• Can work in areas that are difficult to access, such as remote and conflict-affected regions.

• Have expertise in working in emergencies, providing quick humanitarian assistance

• Bring strong connections to local communities, which means trust has often already been established.

• Know the causes of poverty at a community level.

Disadvantages

• NONE

Are NGOs and International organisations the same thing?

No they are not.

What does Australia’s aid program aim to achieve?

Australia’s aid program, managed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), aims to reduce poverty and promote peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region, guided by the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

What does Australia’s aid program focus on?

• Gender equality

• Climate change

• Addressing issues around human rights

Why does Australia work with partners to deliver aid?

• Maximise the impact, geographic reach of development activities

• Learn from, and make use of, the experience and innovation that each partnership brings to improve results

• Avoid duplication of efforts and programs

• Ensure the needs of the Indo-Pacific region are represented internationally, and are not overlooked

What are the types of Australian aid partnerships?

• Bilateral partnerships

• Multilateral agencies

• Local communities or civil society

• Other government departments

• Universities

• Business

• Non-government agencies

Bilateral partnerships (Australian aid partnerships)

This means Australia works directly with governments of other countries to provide aid and respond to crises, and it is important because it pools resources and expertise to improve the delivery, impact, and sustainability of aid programs.

Multilateral agencies (Australian aid partnerships)

This means working with large organizations like the United Nations or the World Bank, and it is important because their large size extends Australia's reach, allowing them to implement targeted and large-scale projects that Australia cannot do alone.

Local communities or civil society (Australian aid partnerships)

This means working directly with local community groups, and it is important because it ensures local needs and leaders are involved, includes women and minority groups, and promotes sustainable development and effective service delivery.

Other government departments (Australian aid partnerships)

• This means DFAT works alongside other domestic government agencies like the Australian Federal Police, and it is important because it provides diverse expertise to address the development, economic, security, and political aspects of partner countries.

Universities (Australian aid partnerships)

This means DFAT collaborates with Australian universities to provide scholarships for students from low- and middle-income countries, and it is important because these students gain skills to return home and reduce poverty through sustainable development.

Business (Australian aid partnerships)

This means partnering with the private sector, and it is important because businesses bring specialized knowledge, resources, and job creation that help eradicate poverty and promote economic development.

Business (Australian aid partnerships)

This means working with NGOs that have deep development expertise, and it is important because they maximize the impact and reach of aid by accessing remote, fragile, and conflict-affected areas that others cannot.

Features of effective aid involve

• Only → Ownership by recipient country

• Farmers → Focused on achieving the right outcomes

• Plant → Partnerships and collaboration

• Mushrooms → Monitoring and elaboration

How does ownership by recipient country contribute to effective aid?

• Recipient countries must directly decide on the type of aid they need rather than relying on donor assumptions.

• Programs must be implemented in a culturally sensitive way, using local languages and visual aids to show community understanding.

How does focused on achieving the right outcomes contribute to effective aid?

• Programs must address patterns of disease and illness to reduce poverty, inequality, and promote health.

• Keeping programs low-cost and focusing on education and women ensures lasting positive impacts and long-term social sustainability even after aid workers leave.

How does partnerships and collaboration contribute to effective aid?

• Combining the strengths of governments, NGOs, and local communities prevents duplication and makes efficient use of resources.

• Local input ensures programs are culturally appropriate, while education builds local capacity and long-term sustainability.

How does monitoring and evaluation contribute to effective aid?

• Monitoring ensures funding is spent on its intended purpose.

• Evaluation checks that program aims are met and that community health is improving.

Taking individual action can include what

Taking Individual Action:

Personal choices impact society, following the United Nations framework across four key areas:

• Couch: Save energy, share posts, report harassment, and drink tap water.

• Home: Dry clothes naturally, shorten showers, eat less meat, compost, recycle, buy second-hand, and regulate home temperature.

• Community: Shop local, buy 'funny fruit', use active or public transport, donate goods, and vote for environmental policies.

• Work: Use energy-efficient tech, speak up against discrimination, stay informed, and start recycling programs.

What is social action?

Social action is about using collective action to do something, to help bring about positive change.

What are social action examples?

• volunteering

• donate money to NGOs

• conduct fundraising

• signing online petitions

• implement an awareness campaign

• use purchasing power

• lobby governments or decision makers

• organise a boycott

• start a social enterprise activity