Unit 2 Modern West

Henry IV

French King, issued Edict of Nantes, Gained more Power for King, After 12 assassination attempts he was finally murdered

Louis XIV

Absolute Monarch in France, Built Palace of Versailles, 72 Yr Reign, Known as 'The Sun King', Controlled the Nobility

Louis XVI

French King called for Estates-General to assemble leading to the French Revolution, beheaded by Guillotine

James I

English King, Issued KJV Bible, Helped Establish Virginia Colony "Jamestown"

Charles I

English King, dismissed Parliament for 11 years, Civil War breaks out between him and Parliament, he loses and is beheaded

Charles II

Made King after failed Parliament only rule, Known as the 'Merry Monarch'-brought drinking, parties, theater back to England

William and Mary

Son-in-law and daughter of James II, overthrew James II and took control of England without fighting a single battle

Anne I

Sister of Mary, Has trouble producing an heir, suffers from many health problems, last of the Stuart Kings

Maria Theresa

Strong Ruler of Austria, 16 Children Spread out across European Courts and Nobility, Strengthened the Military

Ivan IV (Terrible)

1st Tsar of Russia, at first appeared like he may be good but then he proved to be a terribly brutal leader, single handedly ended his bloodline

Peter I (the Great)

Russian Tsar, modernizes Russia, Moves the Capital to St. Petersburg, Military conquests help to give Russia Sea Access

Catherine I (the Great)

Russian Leader, German Princess who murdered her husband to gain power, Great Land Gains during her reign and education reforms

Simon Bolivar

Leader of Rebel Forces in Northern South America against Spanish forces, Served as President of Colombia for a time

Jose de Martin

Military Leader of rebels in Southern South America that helped to make much of South free of Spanish rule

Voltaire

French Philosopher, Constitutional Monarchy is best, Wrote 'Candide'

Thomas Hobbes

By nature man is greedy, Strong Central Government (King) needed to keep man in check

John Locke

People's experience and rational develop morale, Father of 'Liberalism', Right to life, liberty, and possessions

Jean Rousseau

Man is pure by nature, Corrupted by Society, General Will of People decides the laws, individuals most conform to the masses

Rene Descartes

Cogito Ergo Sum, Father of Analytical Geometry

Baron Montesquieu

Separation of Powers should exist within Government

Adam Smith

Laissez-faire economy works best, self-interest and competition leads to prosperity

Galileo

Scientist studied early laws of motion, said that earth moves, studied astronomy with New Telescope, Famous Tower of Pisa story

Nicholas Copernicus

Said that the Sun was center of Universe, planets and earth revolve around it

Issac Newton

3 Laws of Motion, Gravity, Calculus, Prisms to Divide Light

Francis Bacon

Scientific Method to help come to truths

Antoine Lavoisier

Proved that fire wasn't an element, discovers oxygen as 1st element

Antoine Von Leewenhoek

Using microscope he discovers bacteria

Robert Hooke

Found that all living things are made of cells

William Harvey

Discovered function of heart and circulation system

Jacques-Louis David

French Artist who supported Napoleon

Vivaldi

Famous composer- 4 Season- 40+ operas, Venice

Johann Sebastian Bach

German Lutheran Composer, many organ pieces based on hymns

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Famous composer, Worked for Hapsburg in Austria, Wrote Many symphonies but died rather young

Ludwig von Beethoven

German Composer, Some argue he is greatest of all time, Classical Music to Romantic, 9 Symphonies

Power and Riches of the Catholic Church by the 17th Century

Church owned lots of land (up to 1/3 in France)

Many Court cases went through the Church

Clergy often listened to Rome over local Leaders and Kings

Edict of Nantes

Declaration by Henry IV that gave more religious freedom to French Protestants

Palace of Versailles

Huge Palace built by Louis XIV, housed French Nobility, 10,000 workers to maintain

Impact of the Wars of Louis XIV

France was nearly bankrupt, France loses some of the lands he had gained earlier

Presbyterian vs Anglican Churches

Puritans wanted churches to be fully purified of everything not mentioned in the NT- Anglicans more like branch of Catholicism

Puritans wanted Churches to be led by Representatives from each Congregation- Anglicans wanted a State Run Church

Puritans- Forbid dancing, parties, drinking, etc.- Anglicans did not

King James Bible

English translation of the Bible, Issued by James I, would dominate for the next 300ish years

English Civil War

Starts over taxing issues, Charles I won't summon the Parliament, finally caves and summon parlaiment, they don't go into recess, he flees to the North, Civil War between Parliament vs King- Parliament wins Charles executed

Puritan Laws of English Commonwealth

Banned Dancing, drinking, theater, and they forced a Sunday Observance

Glorious Revolution

James II is overthrown by his daughter and son-in-law, William and Mary, no battle takes place but James II flees, William and Mary win the Throne

Divisions of Poland

Divided and Absorbed between Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Hapsburgs

Austrian Rulers, Holy Roman Emperor, Branch also rules in Spain for a while

Romanovs

Became Ruling Family in Russia after Times of Trouble, Ruled until the 20th Century

Times of Trouble in Russia

No strong heir after Ivan IV, Terrible Famines, False Leaders, Ends with Romanovs taking power

Four "Elements" of the Middle Ages

Earth, Fire, Air, Water

Medical Belief on four Humors

Balance between these fluids kept you healthy

Black Bile, Yellow Bile, Blood, Phlegm

Bloodletting

Letting leeches suck blood to try and balance out Humors when someone was sick

Ptolemaic view of the Solar System

Earth was at the center, Planets and Sun Revolve around a stationary earth

Prussian Army

Frederick I establishes large standing army of 80,000 men, Frederick the Great uses this army to expand Prussian influence

Deism Beliefs

Bible has to meet/ Pass human reason

God created the World, now sits back

No Trinity, No Resurrection, Jesus wasn't Son of God

Baroque Architecture

Opulent Use of Color

Large Protruding Structure in middle of Building

Plaster interior to pain Walls; Fresco Ceilings

Neo-Classicism Architecture

Step-back for the extravagance of Baroque, Style returns to the simplistic styles of the Greek and Romans (Pillars, Arches, etc)

Makeup of Estates General

1st- Nobles

2nd- Church

3rd- Peasants

Bastille

Prison and Weapon Storage, Stormed by French Peasants triggering French Revolution, July 14th, 1789

Tennis Court Oath

3rd Estate was kicked out of Estates General Meeting, They gather on a tennis Court, say they won't disband until a Constitution is made up

Declaration of Rights of Men

August, 1789- All Men Equal, Religious Toleration, Taxation on your Ability to Pay

Committee of Public Safety

Group that rises to power during French Revolution, led by Robespierre, Executed those who disagree with them, sent lots to the Guillotine

Effort to Abolish Christianity in Revolutionary France

'Republic of Virtue'- Religion Abolished, Equal Education and Basic Sustenance for All, No Extremes of Wealth or Power, New 10 Day/week Calendar

Guillotine

Execution machine used widely during the French Revolution because people thought it was more 'humane', may have killed up to 30,000

Napoleonic Code

Uniform Laws for Civil Cases, All Males Equal, Freedom of Religion, Church and State Separate, Free to Choose own Career

Battle of Trafalgar

Naval battle between French and English, English win, Lord Horatio Nelson is hero but dies

Continental System

Napoleon forbidding European Continental lands to trade with England in hopes of weakening England

Elba

First island Napoleon was exiled to

St. Helena

2nd Island Napoleon was exiled to following Waterloo and Hundred days

Hundred Days of Napoleon

Short time when Napoleon came back after exile, gathered an army, and tried to reestablish himself

Slave Revolt in Haiti

Toussaint L'Ouverture was the leader, Fought off British Forces, Defeated French army sent by Napoleon-Gain Independence in 1804

Peninsulares

Whites born in Spain who moved to South America and served as political and church leaders

Creoles

Whites of Spanish decent born in New World, Landowners- Merchants, Traders, etc.

Mestizos

People of mixed Native American and Spanish ancestry, could be artisans, many were famers

Mulattos

People born of mixed Native American, Spanish, and African ancestry, very similar to Mestizos except they had to pay an extra tribute to their rulers

Problems in South American Government

No Well Defined Boarders of New Countries

No Strong Bonds or Sense of Nationalism

No Strong Established Governments