2/3 exam 4 - final neuro

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Behaviors that are present that are normally absent, including psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations.

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Lack of behaviors that are normally present, such as lack of emotion, lack of facial expression, and anhedonia.

Which gene is associated with schizophrenia?

Mutant DISC1.

What is the heritability percentage of schizophrenia in identical twins?

50%.

What is the heritability percentage of schizophrenia in fraternal twins/siblings?

17%.

What is the relationship between schizophrenia and the ventricles in the brain?

Enlargement of ventricles is associated with reduction of brain tissue and increased susceptibility to schizophrenia and antipsychotic drugs.

What is the hypofrontality hypothesis in schizophrenia?

It proposes that the frontal lobes are underactive and have low blood flow.

What type of receptors does chlorpromazine target?

Dopamine receptors.

What type of receptors do atypical antipsychotics affect?

Serotonin receptors.

Which drug has an immediate antidepressant effect?

Ketamine and psychedelic drugs.

What common genetic aspect do bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share?

They share half of their predictive genetic variants.

What happens to brain metabolism during mania?

Increased brain metabolism.

How do benzodiazepines affect PTSD treatment?

They bind to GABA(a) receptors and enhance GABA’s inhibitory actions, blocking emotional stress on the body.

What is the cortisol level in relation to PTSD and the HPA axis?

Decreased cortisol levels.

Which brain region is decreased in PTSD patients?

Smaller hippocampus.

What effect does haloperidol have on dopamine receptors?

It is a D2 receptor antagonist.

What surgical procedure is a potential treatment for OCD?

Cingulotomy is more appropriate than frontal lobotomy.

What is anterograde amnesia?

Inability to form memories after the onset of the disorder.

What is retrograde amnesia?

Loss of memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

Which patient had anterograde amnesia, HM or Korsakoff's?

HM had anterograde amnesia.

Which patient had retrograde amnesia, HM or Korsakoff's?

Korsakoff's syndrome had retrograde amnesia.

What region of the brain is responsible for learning declarative memories?

Medial temporal lobe memory system.

What brain regions did patient NA have deficits in?

Dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary body.

Which type of memory is responsible for autobiographical memory?

Episodic memory.

What is priming in the context of memory?

Reduced or changed processing due to prior exposure.

What happens to neurotransmission with repeated stimulation of a sea slug's gills?

Decreased neurotransmission.

What does reinforcement do in operant conditioning?

Increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

What does punishment do in operant conditioning?

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

What brain region is responsible for learning skills?

Basal ganglia.

What activates place cells in the brain?

Movement towards a particular location.

What brain region is associated with head direction cells?

Presubiculum.

What brain region is associated with grid cells?

Medial entorhinal cortex.

What is the briefest recollection of sensory impressions called?

Sensory buffer.

What are the three processes of learning?

Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval.

Which brain region is necessary for long-term memory storage?

Medial temporal lobe and neocortex.

What changes occur in the brain of animals housed with enrichment?

Heavier, thicker cortex, larger cortical synapses, and more dendritic branches and spines on cortical neurons.

What type of neurons increase activity due to enrichment?

Cholinergic neurons.