BB LEC: TOPIC 1 MIDTERMS

LESTER J. UNGER

Designed the syringe apparatus; his apparatus enabled transfusions to become more practical.

RICHARD LOWER

Animal to animal Transfusion

BRAXTON HICKS

Recommend sodium phosphate as blood preservative.

JEAN BAPTISTE DENIS

JAMES BLUNDELL

Animal to Human Transfusion

1869

Braxton Hicks: Sodium Phosphate as anticoagulant. First example of Blood Preservation research.

1914

HUSTIN: Sodium Citrate

1915

Lewisohn: Determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulant and demonstrated its non-toxicity in small amount.

LEWISOHN

Determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulant and demonstrated its non-toxicity in small amount.

ROUS AND TURNER

Introduced Citrate Dextrose

1916

ROUS and TURNER introduced citrate dextrose

LOUTIT AND MOLLISON

Introduced the formula for the preservative ACID-CITRATE-DEXTROSE (ACD)

1943

LOUTIT AND MOLLISON Introduced the formula for the preservative ACID-CITRATE-DEXTROSE (ACD)

GIBSON

introduced an improved preservative solution called. CITRATE-PHOSPHATE-DEXTROSE (CPD) which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage.

1957

GIBSON introduced an improved preservative solution called. CITRATE-PHOSPHATE-DEXTROSE (CPD) which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage.

GENETICS

Study of transmission of inherited characteristics.

46

Normal number of human chromosomes:

23

Normal number of pair human chromosomes

TWO IDENTICAL CHROMATIDS

One is exact copy if the other and each contains one DNA molecule

P ARM

short arm structure

CENTROMERE

Constricted point of the chromosome

Q ARM

Long arm structure

HISTONES

Long string like DNA MOLECULE for into compact structured by proteins called.

GENE

A SEGMENT OF DNA arranged along the chromosome at a specific position called locus.

GENE

Smallest unit of inheritance which determines the production or non-production of a trait.

ALLELES

Gene at a specific locus that differ in their nucleotide sequence.

GENOTYPE

Total genetic composition of an individual.

Maternal + Paternal

GENOTYPE

Complete inherited DNA

PHENOTYPE

Detectable or expressed characteristics of genes.

GENOTYPE

defined as an actual or complete genetic make up of an organism. It also refers to the PAIR OF ALLELES INHERITED IN AN INDIVIDUAL for a particular gene.

GENOTYPE

refers to an individuals observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type. A person’s ____ is determined by both GENOMIC MAKEUP and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

GREGOR MENDEL

The father of Genetics.

1865

Gregor Mendel published the law of inheritance in

LAW OF SEGREGATION

LAW OF INDEPENDENT

LAW OF DOMINANCE

3 Mendel Law of Inheritance

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

States that factors for different characteristics are inherited independent of each other if they reside on different chromosomes.

LAW OF SEGREGATION

Shows that alleles of genes have NO PERMANENT EFFECT ON ONE ANOTHER when present in the same plant but segregate unchanged by passing into different gametes. Each gene is passed on to the next generation on its own.

LAWS OF DOMINANCE

cornerstore of genetic, states that in a pair of contrasting traits, one trait, the dominant trait, will mask the expression of the other, recessive trait, in hybrid offspring.

AUTOSOMAL

Refers to the traits that are not carried on the sex chromosomes.

DOSAGE EFFECT

Agglutination reactions are generally stronger for homozygous cells and slightly weaker for heterozygous cells.

CODOMINANT

Autosomal dominant traits are routinely encountered in the blood bank, as most blood group genes are _____ and are on autosomal chromosome.

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Facilitates computer storage and retrieval of blood group information and helps standardized blood group systems and antigen names of more than 700 erythrocyte antigens.

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

AKA IMMUNOGENS (genetically encoded antigens)

Either Glycolipids/ Glycoproteins

AUTOANTIBODY

reacts with an antigen on the patient’s own cell

ALLOANTIBODY

Reacts with a foreign antigen not present on the patient’s erythrocyte.

KELL KIDD DUFFY Ss

WARM REACTING ANTIBODIES

LEWIS

I

P

MN

AB

LUTHERAN

COLD REACTING ANTIBODIES (LIPMAN)

COLD REACTING ANTIBODIES

Naturally occuring.

IgM

Can’t cross the placenta; not implicated in HDN

React best at room temp; not significant in High Temp

WARM REACTING ANTIBODIES

Requires exposure

IgG

Capable to cross the placenta; implicated in HDN

React best at 37C: Significant in transfusion reactions.

LANDSTEINER RULE

states that if an individual has antigen, that individual will not have the antibody. This is a universal law and has a few exceptions.

THE ENZYME CLASSIFICATION

Is based on the ability of enzymes to modify the RBC surface by removing sialic acid residues and by denaturing or removing glycoproteins.

ABO Rh KIDD LEWIS I/I

Enzyme enhanced:

Xg MN DUFFY CHIDO/ROGERS

Destroyed by Enzymes:

Fy3 Fy5

_____ DUFFY antigens that are NOT DESTROYED BY ENZYMES

KELL DUFFY KIDD

React only in AHG

LEWIS

Can react in any phase of testing:

M

Enhanced by acidification

P

I

LEWIS

ABO

KIDD

Bind complement: (PILAK)

KIDD

Common cause of DHTR

HEMAGGLUTINATION

Accomplished by red cell agglutination reactions

PRECIPITATION REACTION

The development of an insoluble antigen-antibody complex, resulting from the mixing of equivalent amounts of soluble antigen and antibody.

AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION

A method in which a positive reaction is the opposite of what is normally observed in agglutination.