Endocrine lab:

Melatonin:

• secreted by pineal gland

• imbalance: Jet lag and Seasonal Affective Disorder

• too much: makes you sleepy

Thyroid hormone (TH):

• secreted by thyroid

• Hypothyroidism: fatigue and weight gain

• Hyperthyroidism: weight loss, anxiety, and irregular heartbeat

Calcitonin:

• secreted by “C” cells of thyroid

• tones down calcium in the blood and builds up bone

Parathyroid hormone: (PTH)

• secreted by parathyroid gland

• acts opposite to calcitonin; increases calcium absorption in the kidneys

• Hypoparathyroidism: tetany, bone pain, death

Oxytocin:

• secreted by Posterior Pituitary

• human bonding hormone “cuddle hormone”

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

• Posterior Pituitary

• water retention in the kindeys and micturate less

Pancreas endocrine:

• islet cells

• form islets of langerhans

Beta cells:

• pancreas

• insulin production to bring down blood glucose levels

Alpha cells:

• pancreas

• produce glucagon to signal liver to break down glycogen into glucose to raise blood glucose levels

Type 1 diabetes mellitus:

may be due to early destruction of beta cells on these islets by autoimmune cells

Type 2 diabetes:

lack of insulin production from beta cells later on in life; lack of exercise and poor diet can contribute

Adrenal medulla:

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex layers:

Zona glomarulosa; salt

Zona Fasciculata; sugar/stress

Zona Reticularis; sex

Zona glomarulosa:

• aldosterone

Zona Fasciculata:

• cortisol

• Cushing syndrome: increased glucocorticoids and causes unusal placement of adipose tissue around face and upper back

Zona Reticularis:

• small amounts of androgen and estrogens

Ovaries:

• FSH: promotes egg production

  • these follicles grow and produce estrogen

• LH: causes ovulation and the release of progesterone (promotes pregnancy)

Testes:

• FSH: seminiferous tubules are triggered for sperm production

• Interstitial cells are triggered by LH to produce testosterone