APHUG Unit 6

city

relatively large, densely populated settlement w/ much larger population than rural towns & villages

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities, major trend

urban

“relating to city”

food procurement

tending of fields/harvesting & prepping crops

agricultural surplus

farmers able to produce ore food than needed for themselves. creation of cities

socioeconomic stratification

structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes; control over good and people

first urban revolution

agricultural & socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of cities

urban hearth areas

regions in which world’s first cities evolved (Mesopotamia, etc)

site

absolute location of place on earth, includes all physical features of location (terrain, harbors, rivers)

situation

relative location of place in reference to its surrounding features, places of human activities or its regional position w/ reference to other places

cities defined by…

(1) evolved spontaneously in different places (2) diffused ideas through trade, ocean voyages, conquest

aqueducts

eater transported into cities from remote regions using stone structures (Roman Empire)

urban growth…

(1) migration of ppl from rural cities (2) natural population increase

communism

all property is publicly owned & managed, cities poster class privilege (china)

capitalism

economic & political system in which country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned by state

transportation

shaped and reshaped layout and size and their surroundings over time

streetcar suburbs

settlements outside of cities that had streetcar lines, fixed rail systems, allows workers to commute in and out of city

automobile

norm among middle classes, increased personal mobility

telegraph

faster delivery of info, revolutionized long-distance communication

telephone

diffusion wider and easier (no limits)

second urban revolution

industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth, new kinds of industry, reshaped cities spatially and socially

downtown

emerged by economic activity, expanded and evolved into commerce and industry

leaders..

consensus or forced, responsible for organization of surplus, storage, and distribution, city’s infrastructure, water resources, garbage, sewage

redevelopment

set of activities and government policies intended to revitalize area that had fallen on hard times

metropolis

very large & densely populated city, particularly capital or major city of region (NYC)

metropolitan area

bigger than city, includes one or several urban areas with accompanying suburbs & rural areas economically and culturally connected with city (New York-New Jersey)

China’s “Supercities”

cities with more than 1 million inhabitants

urban area

self-governing place that contains at least 2500 ppl

urbanized area

more than 50,000 inhabitants

urban clusters

fewer than 50,000 inhabitants

metropolitan statistical areas

at least one urbanized area with at least 50,000 ppl at its core; central county + adjacent outlying counties that are socially and economically intergraded with central county measured by commuting volumes

micropolitan statistical areas

one or more urban clusters of 10,000-50,000 people at its core

towns

settlements smaller & less complex than cities, self-sufficient, have CBDs, residential and nonresidential land use

hamlets

CBD has nothing more than grocery store, post office, and gas station

suburbs

populated areas on outskirts of city, residential communities w/ own government, intentionally developed residential communities on periphery of city; most residents commute to job

urbanization rate

percentage of each nation’s population that lived in towns & cities

meta cities

extraordinary large settlements w/ regional population over 20 million (Tokyo)

mega cities

regional population over 10 million (Beijing)

“Regional”

includes city & surrounding metropolitan area

suburbanization

movement of people from urban core areas to surrounding outskirts of city

sprawl

tendency of cities to grow outward in unchecked manner

automobile cities

size & shape dictated by car ownership (Las Vegas)

decentrialize

shift some departments/operations to “branch offices” in suburban areas, closer to workforce

edge city

concentration of business, shopping, entertainment developed in suburbs, outside city’s traditional downtown

edge city must have…

(1) over 5 million sqft of office space (2) over 600,000 sqft of retail space (3) population increases every morning & decreases every afternoon (More jobs than homes) (4) states as end destination (5) history of not resembling city 3 yr prior

first wave of development

moving homes into suburbs away from work places

second wave og development

moving retail to where we lived “malling of America”

third wave of development

jobs to wear population lived, creating edge city

boomburbs

places with no more than 100,000 residents, large suburbs with own gov, loosely connected groups of large subdivisions, office parks, retail centers built around multiple highway intersections

boomburbs must have..

(1) large incorporated tract of land (2) fast, sustained development

infill development

building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant, underused parcels in developed areas

exurb

suburbs often inhabited by well do families, near farmland, beaches, mountains; semirural districts located beyond

world cities

cities that become command & control centers of global economy, sites of major decisions abt world’s commercial networks & financial markets

nodes

places connected to other cities where international action & interaction occur (internationally & domestically)

global cosmopolitan class

population moves with ease from place to place, wealth, world cities are home (highest concentration in London)

Gated communities

highly second residential enclaves, located within the bounds of cities, privately governed

transportation serveices

world cities hub of services, built on major waterways, major international airports, railroad & highway networks, high-speed rail system

international organizations

located in world cities (World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

urban systems

a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks; territories within nation, state, or province

urban hierarchy

ranking of cities, largest & powerful at top of hierarchy

rank-size rule

states population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in urban hierarchy (1/2 to 1/3 to 1/4 etc.)

primate city

largest city more than twice as many people in second-largest, largest than any other city, dominates economic, political culture life

central place theory

model attempt to understand why cities are located where they are, based on five assumptions (Walter Christaller)

central places

settlements that make certain types of products & services available to customers

threshold

number of people required to support a business

range

distance people will travel to acquire a good or service

First order places

large regional cities

Second order places

Regular cities

Third order places

towns

fourth order places

hamlets and villages

gravity model

mathematical model that attempts to predict how places will interact; the closer 2 places are, the more they influence each other (distance increases, interaction decreases) P1+P2/D^2

models

generalizations that help us organize information & identify the patterns of observed arrangements

concentric zone model

model of city’s internal organization that shows rings of factory production & different residential zones radiating outward from CBD (zones: CBD, zone of transportation, zone of independent worker’s homes, middle-class residents, commuter’s zone)

hoyt sector model

focuses on transportation & communications as drivers of city layout; people will live in different sectors based on income levels

multiple-nuclei model

does not have one central area, but instead has several nodes that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity within one larger city

galactic city model/peripheral model

a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.

bid-rent theory

land/real estate/rental costs are higher in and around a city's central business district due to demand

Latin American City Model

griffin-ford model, cities have a central business district, one dominant elite residential sector, and a commercial spine

traditional market sector

sells everyday goods (1/2 of Latin American City Model CBD)

modern CBD sector

primary businesses, entertainment venues, employment (1/2 of Latin American City Model CBD)

commercial spine

extension of the CBD & flanked by elite residential sector, ends at mall, opposite end of market, spine-like sector for industry, ends in industrial park

zone of maturity

rings CBD/market center, occupied by mid-class & contains best housing

zone of situ accretion

transitional area between poorest parts & zone of maturity, modest housing for those in lower middle class

disamenity sector

the zone that offers few services & home to very poor; barrios/favelas, little to no law enforcement, lack of amenities (water, electricity, fresh food)

Southeast Asian city model

models for other emerging market economies, medium-sized port cities in SA, focal point: old colonial port zone w/ surrounding commercial districts

alien commercial zones

populated primarily by Chinese merchants, residences attached to business

mixed land-use zones

surrounds commercial zones, various economic activities & some housing

market gardening zone

light agriculture takes place & small industrial park accommodates growing economic sector

Sub-Saharan African city model

imprint of European colonial powers, 3 CBDs with distinct functions & building styles

colonial CBD

place for informal markets & transitional business center, commerce conducted curbside nonpermanent stalls or permanent storefronts

traditional business center

zone of traditional one story buildings

market zone

open-air, informal, essential to city’s residents

shantytowns

outer ring, grows rapidly due to unchecked in-migration from rural areas

city models

help understand city structure, land-use patterns, and population density (although no model fits perfectly)

land use driven by…

utility (usefulness), accessibility (transportation, technologies), transportation (automobile)

population density

total population divided by total land area

perceived density

general impression of estimated number of people present in given area, qualitative data (what ppl see/think)

high population density

ex. high rise apartment building

low population density

single fam homes on large land

population density gradient

distance from CBD increases, population density continuously decreases