Final Exam

Cardiovascular

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

transport oxygen/carbon dioxide, transport nutrients, circulate waste products for removal, fight infection, clotting

What is the general function of blood?

protection, transportation, regulation

Do red blood cells contain a nucleus?

No, they are anuclear

How long do red blood cells live?

120 days, we constantly replace them

What is erythropoiesis?

formation/generation of red blood cells

What is erythropoietin?

hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

What can white blood cells be classified as?

granular & agranular

What are granular white blood cells?

eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

What are agranular white blood cells?

lymphocytes and monocytes

What do eosinophils do?

allergies, help against parasites

What do neutrophils do?

phagocytosis, inflammation

What do basophils do?

promote/increase blood flow

What do lymphocytes do?

recognize and fight infection

What do monocytes do?

turn into macrophages & phagocytose pathogens

What are platelets?

fragment of cell

What do platelets contain?

granules (filled with chemicals)

What is hemostasis?

mechanism to stop bleeding

What is a vascular spasm?

constriction of vessels to decrease blood loss

What has to form to obtain a clot?

gel formation

What are the two mechanisms to start clotting cascade?

intrinsic & extrinsic

What is intrinsic clotting?

exposed protein fibers (vessel wall) & damaged platelets

What is extrinsic clotting?

tissue factor can enter blood vessel

Where is the heart located?

within the mediastinum/thoracic cavity

Is the apex tilted to the left or right?

left

What is the pericardium?

protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

What is the fibrous pericardium made up of?

dense irregular connective tissue

What does the fibrous pericardium do?

protects overstretching

What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium made up of?

simple squamous

What is the visceral layer of the pericardium made up of?

simple squamous

What is the epicardium made up of?

simple squamous

What is the myocardium made up of?

cardiac muscle

What is the endocardium made up of?

simple squamous

What are arteries generally?

generally oxygenated except pulmonary artery

Where do arteries take blood?

away from the heart

Where do veins take blood?

to the heart

Does the atria have a rough anterior wall?

yes, due to pectinate muscles

Where do ventricles eject blood?

into arteries

In the ventricles, what are ridges of bundled muscles called?

trabeculae carnae

What are the cone shaped muscles in the ventricles?

papillary muscles which are attatched to valves by “cords” chordexe tendinae

What do valves do?

ensure unidirectional blood flow

What are the valves between the atria & ventricles?

atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

Where is the tricuspid (AV) valve?

right side

Where is the bicuspid (AV) valve?

left side

What are the valves between the ventricles and subsequent vessels?

semilunar valves (SL)

Where is the pulmonary (SL) valve?

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Where is the aortic (SL) valve?

between left ventricle and aorta

Where does the hepatic portal vein take blood?

to the liver

Where do hepatic veins take blood?

away from the liver

If you centrifuge blood, what 3 layers are obtained?

Top layer: blood plasma, middle layer: buffy coat, bottom layer: hematocrit

In what layer of centrifuged blood do you find RBCs (erythrocytes)?

in the bottom layer

In what layer of centrifuged blood do you find WBCs?

middle layer (buffy coat)

In what layer of centrifuged blood do you find platelets?

middle layer (buffy coat)

In what layer of centrifuged blood do you find water?

top layer (plasma)

In what layer of centrifuged blood do you find ions?

top layer (plasma)

In what layer of centrifuged blood do you find glucose?

top layer (plasma)

Which layer is most important for oxygen carrying capacity (to transport
oxygen)?

the bottom layer, containing red blood cells

An increase in which layer would make blood more viscous (thicker)?

the bottom layer, containing red blood cells

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin. What is the molecule in hemoglobin that binds oxygen?

the heme group. iron Fe atom

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin. What is the molecule in hemoglobin that binds
oxygen. How many oxygen molecules can it bind?

up to four oxygen atoms

How do platelets contribute to repair of damaged blood vessels?

play a crucial role in the repair of damaged blood vessels through a process known as hemostasis, which is the body's way of stopping bleeding

What is the general structure of a blood vessel?

made up of three main layers, known as the tunicas

What is the deepest tunica?

tunica interna

What makes up the tunica interna?

endothelium (simple squamous)

What makes up the tunica media?

smooth muscle

What makes up the tunica externa?

protein & elastic fibers

How do veins and arteries differ in terms of their layers?

arteries have smaller lumen, thicker smooth muscle and thicker tunica externia. Veins have larger lumen and no elastic membranes

How are capillaries different and why?

they have no tunica media or externa, only have endothelium and basement membrane. To facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

What is the elastic artery?

largest (aorta, pulm. trunk, common carotiods, subclavians, common iliacs). This elasticity allows them to stretch and recoil as blood is pumped through them, helping to maintain consistent blood pressure and smooth blood flow, especially during systole (when the heart contracts) and diastole (when the heart relaxes).

What are elastic arteries?

compliant and great at recoil → propel blood

What does the muscular arteries have?

a well-defined muscle layer

What is the path of blood flow through general blood vessels (artery, vein, venule, etc.)
from the left ventricle to the right atrium?

Left Ventricle → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium

What is diffusion?

the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What is bulk flow?

movement of fluid (containing solutes) in response to pressure gradients. From area of high pressure to low pressure allow exchange to occur more rapidly

What are the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures that influence exchange at the
capillaries?

filtration and absorption

What is BCHP?

blood capillary hydrostatic pressure

What is IFHP?

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

What is BCOP?

blood capillary osmotic pressure

What is IFOP?

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

What is filtration?

leaves capillary

What is absorption?

enters capillary

Is hydrostatic pressure fluid or concentration based?

fluid-based

Is osmotic pressure fluid or concentration based?

concentration based

What falls under filtration?

BCHP, IFOP

What falls under absorption?

IFHP, BCOP

How do you calculate net filtration pressure?

NFP= (BCHP+IFOP)-(IFHP+BCOP)

If your net filtration comes back positive, is it filtering or absorbing?

filtering/filtration

If your net filtration comes back negative, is it filtering or absorbing?

absorbing/absorption

The venous side of the vasculature is much lower pressure than the arterial side. Why is
this important?

because it influences the return of blood to the heart and the overall functioning of the circulatory system

Why are valves important in veins?

the pressure in the veins is low, there’s a risk that blood could flow backward due to gravity, especially in the legs, where veins must work against gravity to return blood to the heart

What are veins?

a reservoir for blood - contains 64% of total blood

Why is the pulmonary artery unique?

unlike other arteries in the body, it carries deoxygenated blood

What does it mean when we say the heart is autorhythmic?

capable of self-excitation (does not require nerves)

What are auto rhythmic fibers?

cells that can independently generate action potentials (pacemaker cells)

What are funny channels?

voltage-gated channels that open after repolarization

What is the flow through the cardiac conduction system?

sinoatrial node (SA node) → atrioventricular (AV) node → bundle of His → right and left bundle branches → purkinje fibers

What is the P wave?

atrial depolarization

What is in the PQ interval?

atrial contraction/systole

What is the QRS wave?

ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization

What is the T wave?

ventricular repolarization