BIL 255 Exam 1 Flashcards - Chapters 1 - 4

What are examples of cell types?

Neurons, yeast, macrophage

What does a cells size and shape depend on?

What they are used for

Central Dogma

Process that changes DNA to RNA to protein

What kind of process is life?

Autocatalytic

How do new cells form?

From existing cells

Where do cell encode their information?

DNA

What do cells rely on to carry out catalytic activities?

Proteins

Microscopy

Technical field in the use of microscopes

Interference light microscopy

Measures path-length differences between split light beams to visualize transparent specimens without chemical staining

Conventional light microscopy

Uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify and resolve small specimens

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

Nucleus

What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Helps make, fold, and transport proteins and lipids

What does the Rough ER help with?

Specializes in making and folding proteins

Smooth ER

Helps make lipids and steroid hormones, breaks down toxins in the liver, and stores calcium ions

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to other locations inside or outside of the cell

Endocytosis

Active transport where a living cell engulfs external materials by folding its cell membrane inward to form a pocket and create an internal bubble called a vesicle

Exocytosis

Active transport process where a cell moves large molecules or waste out of its interior by fusing a transport vesicle with the outer cell membrane

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

Actin filaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments

What do actin filaments help with?

Movement

What do microtubules help with?

Transport

What do intermediate filaments help with?

Support

What are model organisms?

used for research because they can be grown in the lab efficiently and used to study certain aspects of biology

What is an example of a model organism?

Zebrafish

What is the size of prokaryotic genomes?

Small

What elements make up 90% of the body?

C,N,O,H

Which is stronger: covalent bonds or ionic bonds?

Covalent

In what conditions are the strengths of covalent bonds and ionic bonds similar?

In a vacuum but ionic bonds become weaker in water

Acid

Electron acceptor

Base

Electron donator

What are the monomers of cells?

Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

What polymers do sugars become?

Polysaccharides, glycogen, and starch

What polymers do fatty acids become?

Fats and membrane lipids

What polymers do amino acids become?

Proteins

What polymers do nucleotides become?

Nucleic acids

What are the parts in the dry weight composition of cells?

Small molecules, phospholipids, DNA, RNA, protein, and polysaccharides

What takes up most of the dry composition of cells?

Protein

What is the structure of a phospholipids seen in cell membranes?

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

What is the hydrophilic head made of?

Glycerol

What are the hydrophobic tail of phospholipids made of?

Two fatty acids

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated have a kink in them caused by a double bond in the structure with the rest being C-C bonds

What are non ionized proteins made of?

Amino group and carboxyl group

What does the ionized form of a protein include?

Side chain

What do amino acids and nucleotides create?

Ribosomes

What is the difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?

Nucleotides are made of Base+Sugar+Phosphate while nucleosides do not have a phosphate group

What makes up ATP?

DNA (triphosphate, ribose, and adenine)

ATP =

ADP + energy

First law of thermodynamics

Conservation of energy

Second law of thermodynamics

Increase of entropy

Electron dance

Oxidation and reduction

The more oxidized you are…

The more free energy you have

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O → O2 + SUGARS

What is the opposite of photosynthesis?

Respiration

What is activation energy?

Delay in reactions

What do enzymes do?

Lower activation energy and catalyze reactions by reducing the energy barriers

In coupled reaction, what does a negative result mean

Spontaneous reaction that can happen

What are the four groups of amino acids?

Negatively charges, positively charged, uncharged polar, and nonpolar

What bonds drive protein folding and protein stability?

Mainly noncovalent bonds

Is protein folding spontaneous or not?

Spontaneous and minimizes free energy

What helps fold proteins?

Chaperones

What are the types of protein representation?

Backbone model, ribbon model, wire model, and space-filling model

What are the complexes of macromolecules?

Actin filaments, fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin), viral capsids, and alternative states and infective aggregation

What are the important types of enzymes?

Hydrolase, Kinase, Phosphatase, and ATPase

If an enzyme needs very little substrate to reach half-speed, what does that mean?

The enzymes is holding onto the substrate tightly

What are the methods of protein separation and structure?

Centrification, chromatography, electrophoresis, and determination of protein structure

What are the types of determination of protein structure?

X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, and cyro-em structure of the ribosome

How does X-ray crystallography?

Shines a beam of x-rays at a crystallized sample to measure angles and intensities of the scattered beams to then create a 3D atomic model

How does electrophoresis work?

Applying an electric field to move them through a porous gel matrix based on their size, shape, and net electrical charge

How does chromatography work?

Passes a mixture in a liquid fluid through a solid column of resin beads so different proteins travel at different speeds based on their physical and chemical properties

How does centrifugation work?

Uses rapid rotation to generate high centrifugal force to separate them

The function of a(n) _________ cell, which has a long, branched structure, requires many connections to be made with neighboring cells.

Nerve

All living cells

Share the same basic chemistry

Self-replication of living cells occurs through the catalytic action of

Proteins

Mistakes in replicating the DNA of a cell before division

Can have positive, negative, or neutral effects

The genes in the genome of an adult organism

are expressed or silenced depending on whether a gene is needed in that cell type and environment.

Which of the following microscopy techniques would allow the most detailed image showing the 3-D structure of a flagellum?

Scanning electron microscopy

Which of the following microscopy techniques allows the observation of living cells (i.e., NOT fixed cells)?

Fluorescence microscopy

The defining property that differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells is their

Lack of nucleus

Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotic organisms are

More abundant and more widespread on Earth

Archaea and bacteria are two separate domains of prokaryotes that were distinguished by examining

Their DNA sequences

The main function of the nucleus is to

house the DNA in a separate cell compartment.

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion appears ___________ because it provides___________.

folded; a large surface area for staging energy production processes

One piece of evidence indicating that chloroplasts evolved from engulfed photosynthetic bacteria is

that they contain their own DNA.

Lysosomes and peroxisomes both perform a series of reactions to break down molecules, but one difference between them is that

peroxisomes contain hydrogen peroxide.

The organelle shown in the figure is the ___________ and one of its main functions is to ___________.

Golgi apparatus; package and modify proteins for secretion

The cell components that move materials from one organelle to another are called

Transport vesicles

Which cell component is indicated in the figure below by the line labeled "1"?

Cytosol

Which of the following accurately matches the types of filaments in the cytoskeleton with their cellular function?

microtubules—chromosome segregation; intermediate filaments—strength/support; actin filaments—cell movement

Which of the following is a role of the cytoskeleton in plant cells?

Microtubules form tracks for movement of cell components.

The rules of which fundamental process were elucidated in the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)?

DNA Replication

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) is an excellent model for studying fundamentals of development because

many of the genes involved in the development of the fruit fly are also found in humans.

Genome size does not precisely determine gene number, as illustrated in the table below. What is a plausible explanation as to why A. thaliana, a plant, has a similarly sized genome as the fruit fly, but twice the number of protein-coding genes?

Plants have more genes that were duplicated during evolution.

If a gene sequence in one organism is highly similar to the sequence of another gene in another organism it is called

Homologous

A segment of DNA in the genome that is not a protein-coding gene

can be used to regulate gene activity.

Which type of noncovalent interaction can involve either the polypeptide backbone or amino acid side chains?

hydrogen bonds

A folded protein structure with which free-energy (G) value would likely have the most stable conformation?

1

If protein folding is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, why are chaperone proteins needed to assist folding in the cell?

Certain proteins easily aggregate with other proteins

Hydrogen bonding between N–H and C=O groups of every fourth amino acid within a polypeptide chain results in which type of folding pattern?

α helix (D)

Which of the following is true about amyloid protein structures?

They consist of stacked β sheets.