BSCI 171 Exam 2 2024

Macromolecules

made up of a smaller molecules (monomers - polymers)

Dehydration Synthesis

removes water molecule from 2 short polymers allowing them to form together

Hydrolosis

adds water breaking the big polymer into two short ones

Cell membrane

• phospholipid bilayer

• membrane proteins

• interior/exterior protein networks

Types of Macromolecules

• carbohydrates

• nucleic acids

• lipids

• proteins

Lipids

any type of hydrophobic molecule

Triglycerides

contain 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Fats

triglycerides with saturated fatty acids

Oils

triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids

Viscous

non - moving = more saturated fatty acids

Fluidity

moving = less saturated fatty acids

Phospholipids

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphocholine

Head - hydrophobic, Tail - hydrophilic = amphipathic

Cholesterol

makes fluid membrane more viscous and viscous more fluid

Polypeptides

chain of amino acid monomers, make up proteins

Protein primary structure

amino acid sequence (elements)

Protein secondary structure

hydrogen bonds along backbone (alpha helix and beta sheet)

Protein tertiary structure

3d - polypeptides fold and connect

Protein Quaternary Structure

two or more polypeptides together

Membrane Proteins

transport proteins or receptor proteins

Diffusion

The movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentration

Phospholipid bilayer

semi-permeable, separates aqueous compartments

Osmosis

net movement of water from low concentration to high concentration of total solutes - when diffusion can’t happen

Hypertonic

more total solute

Hypotonic

less total solute

Isotonic

same total solute

Facilitated diffusion

a type of passive transport , selectively permeable, requires transport proteins such as channel or carrier

Channel Proteins

mostly for ions, open all the time or opens and closes gate

Carrier Protein

mostly for molecules, open on one side and closed on the other

Uniport

one molecule going through

Symport

2 molecules going through in the same direction

Antiport

2 molecules going through in different directions

Active transport

requires energy, and is against the concentration gradient (protein pumps)

Endocytosis

for bulk transport - brings material into the cell

Exocytosis

for bulk transport - brings material out of the cell

Vesicles

the cell membrane creates pockets of molecules

Phagocytosis

cell-eating, organ fragments or whole cells

Pinocytosis

cell-drinking, liquid or solutes

Receptor Signaling

receptors (a protein) changes shape to alert the inside of the cell, only specific to one ligand

Ligand

a molecule that bonds to a receptor to activate it, hydrophobic or hydrophilic