APUSH Chapter 3: Facts, People & Terms

Protestant Reformation

The religious movement that challenged the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s and contributed to the growth of Protestant churches and religious divisions in England.

Church of England

England's national Protestant church, established after Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church; the king became its head.

Henry VIII

The English king who broke with the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England in the 1530s.

King James I

King of England from 1603–1625 who opposed Separatists because he feared religious disobedience could lead to political disobedience.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to purify and reform the Church of England while remaining members of it.

Separatists

English Protestants who believed the Church of England could not be reformed and wanted to separate from it completely.

Pilgrims

The Separatists who traveled to North America aboard the Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony.

Mayflower

The ship that carried 102 passengers to North America in 1620; fewer than half of the passengers were Separatists.

Mayflower Compact

The 1620 agreement signed by 41 adult males aboard the Mayflower agreeing to establish a government and obey laws they created; an important early example of self-government.

Plymouth Colony

The colony founded by the Pilgrims in present-day Massachusetts.

William Bradford

The longtime governor of Plymouth who helped the Pilgrims survive and govern their colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

The major Puritan colony established after the Massachusetts Bay Company received a charter in 1629.

Great Puritan Migration

The large migration of Puritans from England to New England during the 1630s and afterward; many traveled with entire families and communities.

Predestination

The Puritan belief that God had already determined who would receive salvation.

Visible Saints

Puritans whose religious and morally upright lives appeared to demonstrate that they were among God's chosen people.

John Winthrop

A major leader and longtime governor of Massachusetts Bay who promoted the idea that the colony should be a model Christian society.

"City upon a Hill"

John Winthrop's description of Massachusetts Bay as a model Christian society that would be watched by the world.

Town meetings

Local New England meetings where community members discussed and voted on local issues; an important form of colonial self-government.

Anne Hutchinson

A Massachusetts Bay religious dissenter who emphasized a personal relationship with God and challenged Puritan religious authority; she was banished in 1638.

Roger Williams

A Separatist who supported religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair compensation for Native American land; he was banished from Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island.

Rhode Island

A colony associated with Roger Williams that emphasized religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who left Boston in 1635 and helped establish Connecticut.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

A 1639 written framework of government for Connecticut and an important early example of formal colonial self-government.

Wampanoags

A Native American people living in the Massachusetts region who initially maintained relations with the Plymouth settlers.

Massasoit

The leader of the Wampanoags who developed relations with the Plymouth colonists.

Squanto

A Pawtuxet Native who spoke English and helped the Plymouth settlers survive and communicate with Native Americans.

Pequot War

The 1637 conflict in which English colonists and Native allies attacked the Pequot, severely weakening them.

King Philip's War

The 1675–1676 Native resistance war led by Metacom against English expansion in New England.

Metacom (King Philip)

The Wampanoag leader and son of Massasoit who attempted to unite Native peoples against English expansion.

New England Confederation

A 1643 alliance among New England colonies created for collective defense against Native Americans and other threats.

Dominion of New England

A centralized government created by England in 1686 to increase royal control over the New England colonies.

Edmund Andros

The royal governor of the Dominion of New England who restricted colonial self-government and enforced unpopular English policies.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II in England that led New England colonists to overthrow Edmund Andros.

New Netherland and New Amsterdam

New Netherland was the Dutch colony established for trade and profit; New Amsterdam was its capital on Manhattan Island and later became New York.

Middle Colonies

The colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, known for fertile soil, grain production, trade, ethnic diversity, and religious tolerance.

William Penn and Pennsylvania

William Penn was a Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1682 as a colony emphasizing religious tolerance, representative government, and refuge for Quakers and other groups.

Quakers

The Religious Society of Friends, a religious group that emphasized personal spiritual experience and equality and was persecuted for challenging established religious and social practices.