Biology 1113 Lab Final OSU

scanning lens

4x

low power lens

10x

high power lens

40x

oil immersion lens

100x

compound light microscope

multiply objectives magnification by 10x

disecting microscope

magnification does NOT get multiplied

hypotonic solution

solute is more inside the cell than outside

hypertonic solution

solute is more outside the cell than inside

crenation

animal cells in hypertonic

plasmolysis

plant cells in hypertonic

lyse

animal cells in hypotonic

turgid

plant cells in hypotonic

reduced

colorless

oxidized

has color

chromatography

most soluble in organic solvent mixture travels the farthest

nucleotide in DNA contains

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

5' end

where phosphate is located

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

Miescher

1868; chromosomes could be broken down to elements found in proteins; carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

Sutton

1903 Mendel's factors were located on chromosomes

Griffith

concluded that virulent strain of pneumonia, even when killed, could somehow pass its deadly characteristics to the non-virulent strain

Oswald Avery

DNA must be the genetic material! ; did NOT support hypothesis that protein responsible for heritable traits, but DID support that DNA played this role

Chargaff

adenine always equals thymine and guanine always equals cytosine

Chase and Hershey

experiment with bacteriophage

Watson and Crick

realized nucleotide pairs containing the bases G and C were identical in shape to pairs containing the bases T and A

conservative replication

original double-stranded helix somehow codes for a completely new double helix while still maintaing the original old double helix

dispersive replication

original double-stranded helix is broken apart into individual nucleotides. Original nucleotides recombine with new nucleotides to make new double helices that are a combination of old and new nucleotides

semi-conservative replication

original double-stranded helix is split apart lengthwise into single-stranded halves. Each original strand combines with new strand to make new double helices that are combos of old and new strands

objective of PCR

produce a large amount of DNA in a test tube starting from only a trace amount; denaturation, annealing, extension

diffusion

movement of molecules from regions of higher concentration into regions of lower concentration

enzymatic rate

time vs. absorbance

pH 7

highest enzymatic rate

pH 11

lowest enzymatic rate

meiosis I

independent assortment and crossing over

meiosis II

sister chromatids separate and four daughter cells are produced

why does PCR use taq polymerase

stable and active at high temperatures

steps of PCR

denature (94) anneal (60) extension (72)

base

part of the microscope on whcih all the other components rest

arm

part that extends from the base and supports the lens systems and stage. Carry the microscope by placing one hand under the base while holding this with the other hand

stage

the flat surface on which slides are placed for viewing

mechanical stage

the setup that holds the slide in place and allows you to move the slide without touching it. Pull back the clip and fit the slide into the metal corner, making sure that the slide lies flat on teh stage. At the base of the mechanical stage are two control knobs attached to an arm that extends below the stage. These knobs allow you to adjust the position of the slide. The upper knob moves the slide forward and backward; the lower knob moves it left and right

condenser

the lens positioned immediately below the stage focuses light onto the specimen from the light source

light source

the electric bulb locatred on the base of the microscope, directly below the condenser. The filter that is located directly above it adjusts the light to blue. Blue light has a relatively short wavelength, which enhances the resolution of the microscope. A rheostat allows you to adjust the amount of light striking the specimen. This component may either be on teh side or on the upper surface of the base

light switch

a simple toggle switch that turns on the light source, it is located either on teh back or the upper surface of the base, near the rheostat

Iris diaphragm

a shutter located between the condenser and the ligth source; on ly the control lever fo rthis component is visible on your microscope. you can adjust the amount of ligth reachin ghtet specimen by moving the control lever left and right

Objectives

the set of lenses immediately above the stage (the lenses closest to the specimen or object being viewed). There are four objectives on your microscope

40x

high power lens

4x

scanning lens

10x

low power lens

100x

oil immersion lens

nosepiece

the revolving componenet on whcih the objectives are mounted; it allows you to switch from lens to lens as necessary

course and fine adjustment knobs

the knobs located on either side of teh stage that are used to move the stge in order to bring teh specimen into focus

oculars or eyepieces

the lenses at the very top of the microscope which provide the final magnification of the specimen being viewed (10x)

Magnification

how much larger a specimen appears to be under the microscope compered to its actual size

resolution

the ability to distinguish two closely spaced points or objects as separate

The resolving power, or R.P. of a lens determines

how much fine detail can be observed

The size of the lens _____ with increasing magnification

decreases

parfocality

the field can remain in focus when switching between lenses

binocular dissecting light microscope

also known as dissecting microscope: often used for low magnification of plate cultures, or for structures that are viewed as live specimens and/or too large to view under a standard compound microscope. The numbers printed on this knob indicate the total magnificaiton produced.

Biological membranes are composed of

phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

How membranes serve as a barrier

the lipid bilaryer prevents the entry into teh clel of all substances except water, glycerol, and small lipid-soluble molecules

How membranes provide transport

Only water and small lipi-doluble molecules can be take up by passive diffusion.

the diffusion of water through membranes is

osmosis

active transport

requires energy and may be used to transport substances form a lower to a higher concentration

passive facilitated transport

facilitated diffusion

How membranes provide organizaiton

they provide a framework for the organization of enzymes and electron carriers in space so that these processes are carried out in an efficient manner.

Purposes of membranes

barrier, transport, organization, communication, and recognition

hormones

molecules synthesized by plants and animals in response to a stimulus

diffusion

the process by which water, glycerol, and small lipid-soluble molecules enter the cell

the net effect of diffusion is

the movement of moleucles from regions of higher concentration into regions of lower concentration

The rate at which diffusion occurs is proportional to

the square root of the reciprocal of eh molecular weight (MW) of the compound that is diffusing

the larger the molecule, the _____ it will difuse

slower

in hypotonic solutions, animal cells

swell, and eventually burst

in hypertonic solutions, animal cells

shrink

in isotonic solution

no volume change occurse

hypotonic

concentration of solutes outside the cell is less than that inside

hypertonic

concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than that inside

IN extreme hypotonic conditions, animal cells may

lyse.

In hypertonic conditions, aanimal cells undergo

crenation: they appear to shrink and become crinkled due to the loss of water

In hpertonic ocnditions, plant cells undergo

plasmolysis

indicator for glucose

Benedict's

indicator for salt

AgNO3

indicator for starch

iodine

Reaction from Experiment 3

H2O2 + NADH -> 2H2O + NAD+

Peroxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of

hydrogen peroxide

guaiacol replaces what in the peroxide reaction

NADH

reduced guaiacol is

colorless

oxidized guiaiacol is

brown

absorbance

the amount of light that didn't make it through the sample

transmittance

the amount of light that did make it through teh sample

as substrate concentration increased, enzyme activity

decreased

Which graph (enzyme or substrate) reached a maximum

substrate

oxidation

process by whicha compound loses an electron

reduction

the process by which a compound gains an electron

Chlorophyl appears green because

it absorbs red and blue wavelengths of ligth and reflects green wavelengths of light

In 1930, Van Niel observed that

photosynthesis could be considered two processes termed light reactions and dark reactions

Hill reaction

H2O + X + light -> H2X + 1/2 O2

DCPIP replaces the ___ in the HILl reaction

X

The X in teh Hill Reaction is

oxidized DCPIP

The product of the hill reaction

reduced (colorless) DCPIPH2 (and O2)