Unit 1 of US History HN

 What was Jamestown, and why was it important?

Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607. It became the foundation of the Virginia colony.

what was a joint stop company

A business in which investors pulled money to funds a colony or Adventure and shared the profits and risks

Why was Jamestown initially struggling

Disease, starvation, poor planning, conflict with Native Americans, and a lack of useful skill is made survival difficult

How did tobacco change Virginia

John Rolfe helped make tobacco profitable, leading to Plantations, increased immigration, in a huge demand for labor

What was the Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative legislative assembly in the English colonies it established an important tradition of colonial self-government

what were indentured servants

People who voluntarily agree to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation food shelter or other benefits

How are enslaved Africans different from indentured servants

Endangered servants generally worked for a limited period, while enslaved applicants were forced into lifelong hereditary slavery

what was Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 Rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel bacon against Governor William Berkeley and the Colonial government

Why was bacon's Rebellion important

It revealed tensions between wealthy Planters and poor colonists and contributed to Virginia's increasing Reliance on enslaved African labor

What were the New England colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Islands, and New Hampshire

What characterize the New England economy

Small Farms, fishing, ship building, Lumber, and trade

Why didn't New England develop small farms instead of large Plantations

The region had Rocky soil a colder climate in a shorter growing season

What characterize New England Society

Religion was extremely important families were common, communities were close-knit, and Puritan belief influence government Society

Who were the pilgrims

English separatist who wanted to separate completely from the Church of England they founded Plymouth Colony

Who are the Puritans

Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England rather than completely separate from it they found in Massachusetts Bay

Who was John Winthrop

A Puritan leader in Governor of Massachusetts Bay who described the colony as a city upon a hill that would serve as an example of the world

What did City upon a hill mean

When threat believed to the Puritan Colony had a special mission to create a model Christian Society

Who was Roger Williams

A religious to Center who founded Rhode Island and promoted religious freedom and separation of church and government

Who is Anne Hutchinson

A religious to censor who challenge Puritan religious Authority and was banished from Massachusetts

What were the middle colonies

new York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware

What characterize the middle colonies

Fertile lands, moderate climate, grain farming, trade, in Great religious and ethnic diversity

why were the middle colonies more diverse than New England

They attracted people from many European countries in allow greater religious diversity

What were the Southern colonies

Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

What character is the southern colonial economy

large Plantations, cash crops, and heavy Reliance on enslaved labor

what were the major cash crops of the Southern colonies

tobacco, rice, and indigo

How did geography cause the colonies to develop it differently

Climate, soil, lands, and natural resources influence what people could grow, which shaped their economies, societies, and labor systems

What was the Maryland Act of Toleration

a 1649 law that protected religious freedom for Christians in Maryland especially Catholics

What was William Penn's Holy Experiment

Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn as a colony based on religious tolerance comma peaceful relations, and representative government

What were push factors

Conditions that encourage people to leave their Homeland such as persecution, poverty, war, or lack of opportunity

What were pull factors

Conditions that attracted people to a new place such as religious freedom, lands, jobs, and economic opportunity

What was the Mayflower compact

An agreement in which Plymouth colonists created a government based on self-government and majority rule

why was the Mayflower Compact important

It demonstrated the colonial tradition of creating representative government and governing themselves

What was the Magna Carta

A document that limited the power of the English King in established that the ruler was not above the law

What was the English Bill of Rights

A 1689 document that limited Royal Power and protected certain rights of English citizens

What was Parliament

England's legislative body that helped make laws in aprove taxes

What were Town Hall meetings

Local meetings we're calling us discussed and voted on community issues, strengthening Traditions of self-government

What were the fundamental orders of Connecticut

In early Colonial governing document that established a representative government in Connecticut

Why did English political Traditions influence Colonial government

Ideas about limited government, representation, and individual rights gave colonists expectations about how they should be governed

what was mercantilism

In economic system in which colonies supplied raw materials to the mother country and bought finished goods from it

Why did Britain use mercantilism

Britain wanted to increase its wealth in power by controlling Colonial trade

What were the navigation acts

British laws that regulated Colonial trade and required certain Colonial Goods to be transported and sold according to British rules

What were raw materials

Natural resources used to make finished products such as tobacco, Lumber, or cotton

What are goods and services

Goods are physical products, Services are activities provided for others

What was salutary neglect

Burns unofficial policy of Loosely enforcing Colonial trade laws, allowing the colonies significant economic and political independence

Why did Salutary neglect become important later

Colonists became accustomed to governing themselves, so they resisted when Britain later tried to tighten control

what was the middle passage

the brutal Atlantic voyage during which enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas

what was the triangular trade

a system of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving manufactured goods, enslaved people, and colonial products

what was the Columbian exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and goods between the Americas, and Europe/ Africa after European contact

who were the quakers

a Christian group that emphasized equality, individual faith, and religous tolerance. William Penn was a prominent Quaker

who were the huguenots

french Protestants who faced religious persecution and migrated to other regions, including the English colonies

what was the great awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s–1740s that encouraged people to question traditional religious authority and emphasize personal faith.

who were two major figures of the great awakening

Jonathon Edwards and George Whitfield

how did the great awakening contribute to American identity

 It encouraged ordinary people to think independently and question established authority.

how did the great awakening and englightenment both challenge authority

Both encouraged individuals to think for themselves rather than blindly accept traditional authority.

who was Benjamin Franklin

A scientist, writer, printer, inventor, and political thinker who represented Enlightenment ideas and later played an important role in the Revolution.

what was the albany plan of union

Benjamin Franklin’s 1754 proposal for the colonies to cooperate under a unified government for defense and other common interests.

why was the Albany plan important even though it failed

 It was an early attempt at colonial unity and foreshadowed later cooperation during the Revolution.

what was the French and Indian war

a war between Britain and France for control of North America, fought from 1754- 1763

what was the result of the French and Indian War

 Britain defeated France and gained significant territory in North America, but Britain also accumulated a large war debt.

why did the french and Indian War contribute to the American revolution

 Britain’s war debt led Parliament to impose new taxes and tighten control over the colonies.

what was the treaty of Paris of 1763

the treaty that ended the French and indian war gave Britain control of much of France’s north American territory

what was parliamentary sovereignty

The belief that Parliament had supreme authority to make laws for the British Empire, including the colonies.

why did colonists oppose parliamentary taxation

 They believed they should not be taxed by a legislature in which they had no elected representatives.

what was the proclamation of 1763

 A British order that restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

why did colonists dislike the proclamation of 1763

Many colonists wanted to settle western lands and viewed the restriction as Britain interfering with their opportunities.

what was the stamp act

A 1765 tax requiring many printed materials in the colonies to carry a tax stamp.

what was this stamp act Congress

A meeting of colonial representatives that protested the Stamp Act and argued that Parliament should not tax colonists without representation.

what does “no taxation without representation” mean

Colonists believed they should not have to pay taxes imposed by a government in which they had no elected representatives.

what were the Townshend acts

Taxes placed on imported goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea.

why did colonists resist British taxes

They believed Britain was violating their traditional rights and taking away colonial self-government.

what was the Boston massacre

A 1770 confrontation in which British soldiers fired on a crowd of colonists, killing several people.

why was the Boston massacre important

Patriot leaders used the event as propaganda to increase colonial opposition to British rule.

what was the Boston tea party

 A 1773 protest in which colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to oppose British taxation and the Tea Act.

what were the coercive acts/ intolerable acts

Punitive laws passed by Britain after the Boston Tea Party that restricted Massachusetts and increased British control.

why were the Intolerable Acts important

They angered colonists throughout the colonies and encouraged greater colonial unity against Britain.

who were the sons and daughters of liberty

Colonial groups that organized resistance to British policies, including boycotts and protests.

what were committees of correspondence

Colonial communication networks that spread information about British actions and coordinated resistance.

who was John Locke

 An Enlightenment thinker who argued that people possess natural rights and that government exists with the consent of the governed.

what are natural rights

 Rights people are born with, especially life, liberty, and property.

what is social contract theory

The idea that government exists because people agree to give it power in exchange for protection of their rights.

who was Montesquieu

An Enlightenment thinker who supported separation of powers to prevent government from becoming too powerful.

how did Enlightenment ideas influence the American Revolution

 They gave colonists a philosophical justification for resisting an unjust government and creating a government based on rights and consent.

what was Thomas Paine’s common sense

A pamphlet that argued strongly that the colonies should become independent from Britain and helped build popular support for independence.

what was the declaration of independence

The 1776 document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, that declared the colonies independent from Britain and justified independence using ideas such as natural rights and consent of the governed.

what was the most important overall cause and effect chain of unit 1

French and Indian War → Britain gains territory but goes into debt → Britain taxes and controls colonies more strictly → colonists resist → British punishments increase colonial unity → Enlightenment ideas support resistance → colonies declare independence → American victory → Treaty of Paris 1783 recognizes U.S. independence