PathoPharm Module 1 - Vocab (Readings)

Cell Cycle

life cycle of a cell; includes phases G₀, G₁, S, G₂, and M

Cell Membrane

lipoprotein structure that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment; regulates what can enter and leave a cell

Cytoplasm

lies within cell membrane; contains organelles

Diffusion

movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a concentration gradient

Endocytosis

process of engulfing substances and moving them into a cell by extending the cell membrane around the substance (ex: pinocytosis and phagocytosis)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

fine network of interconnected channels known as cisternae found in the cytoplasm; site of chemical reactions w/in the cell

Exocytosis

removal of substances from a cell by pushing them through the cell membrane

Genes

make up the physical and functional units of heredity; stored in DNA and control basic cell functions, determine physical appearance, and can play a role in susceptibility to disease and reaction to medication

Golgi Apparatus

a series of flattened sacs in the cytoplasm that prepare hormones or other substances for secretion and may produce lysosomes and store other synthesized proteins

Histocompatibility antigens

proteins found on the surface of the cell membrane; determined by genetic code and provide cellular identity as self-cell

Lipoprotein

structure composed of proteins and lipids; bipolar arrangement of lipids monitors substances passing in/out of cell

Lysosomes

encapsulated digestive enzymes within a cell; they digest old or damaged areas of the cell and are responsible for destroying the cell when the membrane ruptures and the cell dies

Mitochondria

rod-shaped organelles that produce energy within the cell in the form of ATP

Mitosis

cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells; referred to as M phase in cell cycle

Nucleus

part of cell that contains DNA and genetic material; regulates cellular protein production and cellular properties

Organelles

Distinct structures found within the cell cytoplasm

Osmosis

movement of water from an area of low solute to high solute concentration in attempt to equalize concentrations

Ribosomes

membranous structures that are the sites of protein production within a cell

Pathophysiology

physiology of altered health

Pathology

study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease

Physiology

functions of the human body

Disease

acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with and causes physiological dysfunction in one or more body systems

Etiologic factors

causes of disease; biological agents, physical forces, chemical agents, genetic inheritance, nutritional excess/deficit

Risk factors

multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease

Congenital Conditions

defects present at birth but may not be evident until later or never manifest

Acquired Defects

caused by events that occur AFTER birth

Pathogenesis

explains HOW the disease process evolves

Morphology

fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues

Morphological changes

concerned with both gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease

Histology

study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissue

Symptom

subjective complaint noted by the person with a disorder

Sign

manifestation noted by an observer

Syndrome

compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state

Complications

possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment

Sequelae

lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by disease

Diagnosis

designation as to nature or cause of a health problem

Validity

extent to which a measurement tool measures what is intended to be measured

Reliability

extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result

Standardization

aimed at increasing trueness and reliability of measured values

Sensitivity

proportion of people with a disease who are POSITIVE for that disease on a given test or observation

Specificity

the proportion of people WITHOUT the disease who are NEGATIVE on a given test or observation; Calculated ONLY from among people who do NOT have the disease

Predictive value

extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict presence of a given disease or condition

Positive predictive value

refers to proportion of true-positive results that occurs in a given population

Negative predictive value

refers to true-negative observations in a population

Clinical course

evolution of a disease; acute, subacute, or chronic

Acute

one that is relatively severe but self-limiting

Chronic

implies continuous, long-term process; can be continuous or present with exacerbations and remissions

Exacerbations

aggravation of symptoms and severity of disease

Remissions

period during which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms

Subacute

intermediate; not as severe as acute, not as prolonged as chronic

Preclinical stage

disease is not clinically evident but destined to progress to clinical disease

Subclinical disease

not clinically apparent and not destined to become clinically apparent; diagnose w/ antibody or culture tests

Clinical disease

manifested by signs and symptoms

Carrier status

person who harbors an organism but is NOT infected as evidenced by antibody response or clinical manifestations

Disease case

Either existing case or number of new episodes of particular illness diagnosed within a given period

Incidence

reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time

Prevalence

measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time

Morbidity

described effects an illness has on a person’s life

Mortality

provides information about causes of death in a given population

Risk Factors

conditions suspected of contributing to development of a disease

Cross-sectional

use simultaneous collection of information needed for classification of exposure and outcome status

Case-control

Studies designed to compare people known to have outcome of interest and those known not to have the outcome of interest

Cohort

group of people born at approximately same time or share some characteristics of interest

Natural history

refers to progression and projected outcome of disease w/o medical intervention

Prognosis

probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease

Primary prevention

directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing risk

Secondary prevention

detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop disease form progressing

Tertiary prevention

directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce complications of a disease already present

Evidence-based practice

making decisions in health care based on scientific data that have shown a specific way of managing a disease, patient symptoms, and complaints

Clinical Practice Guidelines

systematically developed statements intended to inform practitioners and people in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Hypertrophy

represents an increase in cell size and often tissue mass

Pathologic hypertrophy

occurs as result of disease and may be adaptive or compensatory

Compensatory hypertrophy

enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been removed or becomes inactive

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue

Metaplasia

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Dysplasia

characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization

Oxidative stress

condition that occurs when the generation of ROS exceeds ability of the body to neutralize and eliminate ROS