Plasma membrane
Outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules.
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts.
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Flashcards covering the organelles and their functions, DNA structure, genetic code, chromosomes, karyotyping, cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mutations, inheritance, Punnett squares, co-dominance, and pedigrees.
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Plasma membrane
Outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules.
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts.
Microtubules
Cylinders of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Intermediate filaments
Protein fibers that provide support and strength.
Actin filaments
Protein fibers that play a role in movement of cell and organelles.
Centrioles
Short cylinders of microtubules of unknown function.
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles.
Cytoplasm
Semi-fluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles.
Vesicle
Membrane-bounded sac that stores and transports substances.
Lysosome
Vesicle that digests macromolecules and even cell parts.
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses nucleus.
Chromatin
Diffuse threads containing DNA and protein.
Nucleolus
Region that produces subunits of ribosomes.
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes.
Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules.
Ribosomes
Particles that carry out protein synthesis.
Peroxisome
Vesicle that has various functions, breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water.
Polyribosome
String of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing same protein.
Mitochondrion
Organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules.
Golgi apparatus
Processes, packages, and secretes modified cell products.
Nucleus
Organelle that contains the cell's DNA and is the control center of the cell
Ribosome
Organelle in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum
Organelle that makes lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for Golgi complex
Mitochondrion
Organelle that breaks down food molecules to make ATP
Chloroplast
Organelle that uses the energy of sunlight to make food
Golgi complex
Organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell
Large central vacuole
Organelle that stores water and other materials
Lysosome
Organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Molecule found in the nucleus of all living cells that controls the processes occurring in each cell and is responsible for passing on characteristics from one generation to the next.
Double helix
Twisted ladder-like structure of DNA.
Nucleotide
Subunit of DNA consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.
Nitrogenous bases
The four different nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T).
Base pairing rule
A pairs with T, G pairs with C.
Gene
A section of DNA that contains a specific sequence of base pairs that code for a particular set of instructions, directing the cell to make proteins.
Karyotype
Full set of chromosomes of an organism, paired up according to size and gene location.
Somatic cells
Body cells which contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total in humans.
Gametes
Sex cells (sperm and ovum) contain 23 chromosomes in total in humans.
Fertilization
Fusion of gametes (sperm and ovum) to form the zygote.
Haploid
Cells with half the full complement of chromosomes (n).
Diploid
Cells which contain the full complement of chromosomes (2n).
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine sex.
Autosomes
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
Mitosis
Cell division responsible for the growth and repair of damaged cells, occurring in somatic cells only.
Meiosis
Cell division that assists reproduction, occurring in the testes and ovaries of sexually reproductive organisms only.
Mutation
Change that can occur in genetic material, altering the instructions encoded in genes.
Mutagens
Physical, chemical, or biological agents that change the DNA of an organism and thus cause a mutation.
Phenotype
Outward expression/appearance of a particular gene or characteristic.
Allele
Alternative/different forms of a gene located at the same place on the chromosome.
Genotype
Genetic make-up of the individual or genes for a particular characteristic, represented by letters.
Homozygous
Genotype that only contains one type of allele for a particular characteristic, also termed ‘pure breeding’.
Heterozygous
Genotype that contains two types of alleles for a particular characteristic, also termed 'Hybrid'.
Dominant
Allele that is always expressed in a heterozygous organism, dominant over recessive version, denoted by capital letter.
Recessive
Allele that is always masked/hidden a heterozygous organism, recessive to dominant version, denoted by lower case letter.
Punnet squares
A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
Co-dominance
Two alleles influence the one trait. Both alleles are expressed at the same time (phenotype).
Pedigrees
A pictorial family tree that traces a particular characteristic or trait from one generation to the next.