Year 10 Science - Getting into Genes

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Plasma membrane

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Outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules.

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Cytoskeleton

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Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts.

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Flashcards covering the organelles and their functions, DNA structure, genetic code, chromosomes, karyotyping, cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mutations, inheritance, Punnett squares, co-dominance, and pedigrees.

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56 Terms

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Plasma membrane

Outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules.

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Cytoskeleton

Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts.

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Microtubules

Cylinders of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.

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Intermediate filaments

Protein fibers that provide support and strength.

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Actin filaments

Protein fibers that play a role in movement of cell and organelles.

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Centrioles

Short cylinders of microtubules of unknown function.

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Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles.

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Cytoplasm

Semi-fluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles.

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Vesicle

Membrane-bounded sac that stores and transports substances.

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Lysosome

Vesicle that digests macromolecules and even cell parts.

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Nuclear envelope

Double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses nucleus.

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Chromatin

Diffuse threads containing DNA and protein.

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Nucleolus

Region that produces subunits of ribosomes.

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Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes.

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Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules.

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Ribosomes

Particles that carry out protein synthesis.

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Peroxisome

Vesicle that has various functions, breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water.

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Polyribosome

String of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing same protein.

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Mitochondrion

Organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules.

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Golgi apparatus

Processes, packages, and secretes modified cell products.

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Nucleus

Organelle that contains the cell's DNA and is the control center of the cell

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Ribosome

Organelle in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

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Endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle that makes lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for Golgi complex

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Mitochondrion

Organelle that breaks down food molecules to make ATP

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Chloroplast

Organelle that uses the energy of sunlight to make food

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Golgi complex

Organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell

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Large central vacuole

Organelle that stores water and other materials

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Lysosome

Organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Molecule found in the nucleus of all living cells that controls the processes occurring in each cell and is responsible for passing on characteristics from one generation to the next.

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Double helix

Twisted ladder-like structure of DNA.

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Nucleotide

Subunit of DNA consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

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Nitrogenous bases

The four different nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T).

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Base pairing rule

A pairs with T, G pairs with C.

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Gene

A section of DNA that contains a specific sequence of base pairs that code for a particular set of instructions, directing the cell to make proteins.

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Karyotype

Full set of chromosomes of an organism, paired up according to size and gene location.

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Somatic cells

Body cells which contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total in humans.

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Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and ovum) contain 23 chromosomes in total in humans.

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Fertilization

Fusion of gametes (sperm and ovum) to form the zygote.

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Haploid

Cells with half the full complement of chromosomes (n).

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Diploid

Cells which contain the full complement of chromosomes (2n).

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Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine sex.

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Autosomes

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.

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Mitosis

Cell division responsible for the growth and repair of damaged cells, occurring in somatic cells only.

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Meiosis

Cell division that assists reproduction, occurring in the testes and ovaries of sexually reproductive organisms only.

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Mutation

Change that can occur in genetic material, altering the instructions encoded in genes.

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Mutagens

Physical, chemical, or biological agents that change the DNA of an organism and thus cause a mutation.

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Phenotype

Outward expression/appearance of a particular gene or characteristic.

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Allele

Alternative/different forms of a gene located at the same place on the chromosome.

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Genotype

Genetic make-up of the individual or genes for a particular characteristic, represented by letters.

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Homozygous

Genotype that only contains one type of allele for a particular characteristic, also termed ‘pure breeding’.

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Heterozygous

Genotype that contains two types of alleles for a particular characteristic, also termed 'Hybrid'.

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Dominant

Allele that is always expressed in a heterozygous organism, dominant over recessive version, denoted by capital letter.

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Recessive

Allele that is always masked/hidden a heterozygous organism, recessive to dominant version, denoted by lower case letter.

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Punnet squares

A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

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Co-dominance

Two alleles influence the one trait. Both alleles are expressed at the same time (phenotype).

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Pedigrees

A pictorial family tree that traces a particular characteristic or trait from one generation to the next.