Avian Exotics Final

What color can bruises appear as in birds due to lack of enzyme to convert biliverdin to bilirubin?

Green

What is dyspnea and how does it present in birds?

Trouble breathing with tail bobbing

What causes egg binding in birds?

All-seed diets low in calcium

How is egg binding diagnosed?

Radiographs or palpation of the egg

What are treatment options for egg binding?

Warm/moist environment

What is a sternal lift and what does it indicate?

Palpation showing increased space from pubis to breast bone

What is the causative agent of Avian Chlamydiosis?

Chlamydophila psittaci

What are some signs of Avian Chlamydiosis?

Respiratory cough

How is Avian Chlamydiosis treated?

Doxycycline for 45 days

What transmits Avian Pox?

Mosquitoes or broken skin

What are two types of Avian Pox?

Dry Pox and Wet Pox

How is Avian Pox diagnosed?

Histology

What is the mortality rate of Polyoma Virus?

27-41%

Who is most affected by Polyoma Virus?

Immature/young birds

What are signs of Polyoma Virus?

Depression

Is there an effective treatment for Polyoma Virus?

No

What is PDD and what does it cause?

Proventricular Dilation Disease; inflammation of nerves and enlarged proventriculus

What virus is associated with PDD?

Bornavirus

How is PDD diagnosed?

Crop biopsy

What is a possible treatment for PDD?

Celebrex or Onsior

What is another name for Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease?

Circovirus

How is Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease transmitted?

Feathers

What does Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease cause in birds?

Immunosuppression

What are diagnostic tools for Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease?

PCR test

What virus causes Papillomatosis?

Herpes 3

What birds are commonly affected by Papillomatosis?

Amazons and Macaws

What are signs of Papillomatosis?

Straining to defecate

What is a treatment for Papillomatosis?

Remove lesions

What birds are known to die from West Nile Virus?

Crows

How is West Nile Virus transmitted?

Mosquitoes

What are signs of West Nile Virus?

Ataxia

What causes Aspergillosis?

Aspergillus flavus

What materials harbor Aspergillosis?

Corn cob

What birds are susceptible to Aspergillosis?

African Greys

What are diagnostic tools for Aspergillosis?

Endoscope

What is the treatment for Aspergillosis?

Itraconazole

What organism causes Candidiasis?

Candida albicans (yeast)

What are signs of Candidiasis?

Regurgitation

How is Candidiasis diagnosed?

Gram stain

What is the treatment for Candidiasis?

Nystatin or Conazoles

What causes heavy metal toxicosis in birds?

Ingestion of lead or zinc

What are signs of heavy metal toxicosis?

Depression

How is heavy metal toxicosis diagnosed?

Blood levels

What are treatment options for heavy metal toxicosis?

Chelation

What causes Hypovitaminosis A?

All-seed diets

What are signs of Hypovitaminosis A?

Blunt choanal papillae

What is the treatment for Hypovitaminosis A?

Increase dark/yellow vegetables or pellets

Why should Vitamin A injections be avoided?

Risk of overdose (fat-soluble)

Which bird species is especially prone to hypocalcemia?

African Greys

What are signs of hypocalcemia?

Seizures

How is hypocalcemia treated?

Injectable calcium gluconate

What causes Teflon toxicity in birds?

Fumes from overheated non-stick cookware

What does Teflon toxicity result in?

Pulmonary hemorrhage and death

What causes crop burns in hand-fed juveniles?

Formula fed over 105ºF

How are crop burns treated?

Surgery after scab forms

What causes breast blisters/necrosis?

Repeated trauma to thin skin over keel bone

What does a fluffed bird with eyes closed indicate?

The bird is sick

What is the proper way to bring a bird to the clinic?

In an enclosed carrier or travel cage

How should you palpate a bird during examination?

Palpate the coelomic cavity

How does avian blood glucose compare to mammals?

It is twice as high

What are the sex chromosomes in birds for females and males?

Females: ZW

What are the standard radiographic views for birds?

VD and Lateral

Is anesthesia always required for radiology in birds?

Not always

What anesthetic gases are used in birds?

Isoflurane or Sevoflurane

Do birds need to be intubated for short procedures?

No

What type of ET tube should be used for birds?

Non-cuffed tube

Why should alcohol not be used for surgical prep in birds?

It causes heat loss

How long should avian surgeries be kept under?

Less than 1 hour

Why does gas escape during coelomic surgery?

Because the air sac system is open

What is the fluid therapy rate for birds for the first hour?

10 mL/kg/hr

What is the maintenance fluid rate for birds?

5 mL/kg/hr

What is the dose of maintenance fluids per day?

50 mL/kg/day

What temperature should fluids be for administration?

100ºF

What are the common parasites seen in birds?

Ascaridosis

How is Ascaridosis diagnosed?

Fecal test

How is Giardiasis diagnosed?

Fecal smear

What is the treatment for Giardiasis?

Metronidazole

What is another name for Trichomoniasis in pigeons and raptors?

Canker (pigeons)

How is Trichomoniasis diagnosed?

Direct smear

What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?

Carnidazole

Where are Gapeworms found?

In the trachea

What birds are typically affected by Gapeworms?

Waterfowl and robins

What mite causes Scaly Face/Leg?

Knemidokoptes pilae

What birds are commonly affected by Knemidokoptes pilae?

Budgies

How is Knemidokoptes diagnosed?

Scraping shows round mites

What is the treatment for Scaly Face/Leg Mites?

Topical Ivermectin for 10–14 days

How much blood can a healthy bird lose without adverse effects?

10% of blood volume

How much blood can birds lose and survive?

30-60% in some cases

How much blood can be drawn safely from a bird?

1% of body weight

How soon after blood loss is PCV inaccurate?

12-24 hours

What is a common issue in sick birds?

Dehydration

What are signs of dehydration in birds?

Depression

What is the preferred route for maintenance fluids in birds?

SubQ or IO

When can birds be anesthetized for blood feather removal?

Either awake or anesthetized

What is the technique for removing a blood feather?

Support follicle

What bones should NEVER be used for IO catheter placement?

Humerus or femur

Where can IO catheters be placed in birds?

Distal ulna or proximal tibiotarsus

How is an IO catheter placed?

Rotate needle past cortex

What is the purpose of an air sac cannula?

To allow breathing through tube during head/tracheal surgery

Where is the air sac cannula placed?

Cranial or caudal to femur in caudal abdominal air sac