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Object vs Instantiation An object is an abstract entity that contains properties (attributes) and behavior (methods). Instantiation is the process of creating a specific object from a class using a constructor.

Encapsulation Encapsulation is the practice of hiding an object’s internal properties and requiring access through public methods (e.g. accessors and mutators).

Inheritance Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class (a subclass) inherits the properties and methods of another class (a superclass).

Polymorphism Polymorphism is the ability of different classes to define methods with the same name but different implementations.

Advantages of Encapsulation Encapsulation improves security

simplifies maintenance and promotes modular design by clearly defining interfaces.

Advantages of Inheritance Inheritance promotes code reuse

reduces redundancy and supports extensibility.

Advantages of Polymorphism Polymorphism increases flexibility

simplifies code maintenance and allows different objects to be treated using the same interface.

Advantages of Libraries and Objects Libraries and objects reduce development time

promote reuse and support modular programming.

Disadvantages of OOP OOP can lead to complex structures

higher memory use and more planning compared to procedural programming.

Method A method is a function defined within a class that performs a specific behavior when called on an object.

Accessor An accessor is a public method used to return the value of a private property.

Mutator A mutator is a public method used to change the value of a private property.

Constructor A constructor is a special method that initializes an object when it is instantiated.

Method Signature A method signature includes the method name and the list of parameter types in order.

Return Value A return value is the output that a method sends back to the caller.

private Only accessible within the same class.

protected Accessible within the same class and any subclass.

public Accessible from any class.

extends Indicates that a class inherits from another class.

static Belongs to the class itself rather than any specific instance.

Open Source Movement The Open Source movement promotes making code publicly available so others can use

modify and distribute it.

Class A class is a blueprint for creating objects with defined properties and methods.

Instantiation Instantiation is the process of creating a concrete object from a class using the new keyword.

Abstraction Abstraction means hiding unnecessary implementation details and showing only essential features.

Object-Oriented Programming OOP is a programming style that uses objects combining properties and behavior to model real-world entities.

UML Class Diagram A UML class diagram shows classes

their attributes and methods