2022 - chemistry metals

metals give electrons to...

non-metals (oxygen)
water
acids
other metals

ionic bonding

metal + non-metal
makes salt
eg. NaCl, FeO

covalent bonding

non-metal + non-metal
makes covalent compounds
eg. H20, C6H12O6, CO2

metallic bonding

metal + metal
makes alloys
eg. brass, bronze, stainless steel

metallic properties (10)

high melting point
high boiling point
conducts heat
conducts electricity
gives electrons in chemical reactions
arranged in giant structures
malleable
ductile
metallic shine
some are magnetic

which metals have colour?

Au (gold), Cu (copper)

what happens during metallic bonding?

outer electrons become loose and move freely between positively charged ions "sea of electrons"
electromagnetic forces between the negative electrons and positive iron ions create the metallic properties of the metal

what is a mineral?

a solid metal compound
a rock is a mixture of metals

types of rock (3)

igneous rock
sedimentary rock
metamorphic rock

igneous rock

granite
basalt

sedimentary rock

sandstone
limestone
coal

metamorphic rock

marble
gneiss
slate

moh's scale of hardness

10 - diamond (hardest mineral, allotrope of carbon)
9.5 - tungsten carbide (WC)
9 - sapphire (Al2O3)

7 - quartz (SiO2)
6-7 - glass

2 - gypsum (calcium sulfate)
1 - talk (softest mineral)

iron III oxide

Fe2O3 (rust)

iron II oxide

FeO

iron III III II oxide

Fe3O4

copper I oxide

Cu2O

copper II oxide

CuO

copper IV oxide

CuO2

copper III oxide

Cu2O3

Au + HCl =

no reaction

Cu + FeSO4 =

no reaction

Fe + H2O =

no reaction

Fe + H2O (hot steam) =

Fe2O3 + H2 (needs to be balanced)

Ag2S + Al =

Al2S3 + Ag (needs to be balanced)

Na + H2O =

Na(OH) + H2 (needs to be balanced)

Cu + O2 =

no burning, oxide layer formed

Ca + O2 =

CaO2

displacement reactions

a more reactive metal can displace a less reactive one from its compounds

copper oxide + iron = iron oxide + copper
iron oxide + copper = no reaction

extraction of highly reactive metals

electrolysis
carbon and roasting won't work
the metal compound is
-melted
-electricity is passed through it

extraction of metals of medium reactivity

reduction
cannot be broken down easily
carbon is needed

extraction of the least reactive metals

native (found naturally)
copper and silver are found in ores, and extracted by roasting

Cu2S + O2 = 2Cu + SO2

what metals can be extracted with carbon?

zinc, iron, tin, lead (copper????)

oxidization

addition of oxygen to a compound

reduction

loss of oxygen in a compound

what happens when a metal is extracted with carbon?

metal sulfide + oxygen = metal oxide and sulfur dioxide
metal oxide + carbon = metal + carbon dioxide

corrosion

oxidation of metals

chemical corrosion

metals give electrons to water, oxygen, non metals, and acids

electrochemical corrosion (galvanic corrosion)

metals give electrons to more noble metals (batteries are formed)

rust =

iron + oxygen + water

rust can be prevented by...

paint
oil/grease
plastic
a less reactive metal
a more reactive metal

zinc is often used to protect iron (iron =galvanized), the water or oxygen on the product react with the zinc instead of the iron

blast furnace is used to...

extract iron from its ore

raw materials in a blast furnace =

coke
iron ore (hematite)
limestone

reactions in a blast furnace =

1. coke reacts with O2 and makes CO2
C + O2 = CO2

2. carbon dioxide reacts with oxygen more
CO2 + O =2CO

3. carbon monoxide reduces iron oxide to iron
Fe2O3 + 2CO = 2Fe + 3CO2

4. limestone gets rid of the sandy bits - forms liquid slag

the impure iron sinks and slag is used to turn into rods

impure iron is turned into...

steel by,
1. removing most carbon (done with oxygen)
2. adding other metals (chromium and nickel for stainless steel)

alloys

a mixture of metals
they have more desired metallic properties (stronger and harder)