APUSH VOCAB 801, 845

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Sacco-Vanzetti case

A controversial trial in which two Italian anarchists were convicted and executed with little evidence, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiment.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed but unratified amendment aimed at guaranteeing equal rights for women.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who defied traditional norms with their fashion, behavior, and independence.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

A 1923 Supreme Court case that ruled against minimum wage laws for women, reversing protections from Muller v. Oregon.

Teapot Dome

A major scandal in which government officials illegally leased naval oil reserves to private companies for bribes.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A failed proposal to subsidize American farmers by having the government buy surplus crops.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

An organization that defends individual rights and was crucial in cases like the Scopes Trial.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld restrictions on free speech during wartime, introducing the 'clear and present danger' test.

Fundamentalism

A religious movement emphasizing literal interpretations of the Bible, opposing modern science and secularism.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 trial in which a teacher was prosecuted for teaching evolution, highlighting tensions between science and religion.

Illegal alien

A term used in the 1920s to describe immigrants who entered the U.S. without legal authorization.

New Negro

A term reflecting Black cultural pride and activism during the Harlem Renaissance.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement celebrating African American art, music, and literature in the 1920s.

Great Depression

A severe economic downturn from 1929 to the early 1940s, marked by high unemployment and widespread hardship.

Stock market crash

The 1929 collapse of the stock market, which triggered the Great Depression.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A 1930 tariff that raised import duties, worsening the Great Depression by reducing global trade.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government agency created in 1932 to provide emergency loans to banks and businesses during the Depression.

New Deal

FDR's programs to combat the Great Depression through economic relief, recovery, and reform.

Emergency Banking Act

Allowed the federal government to stabilize and reopen banks after the 1933 banking crisis.

Hundred Days

FDR's first 100 days in office, during which many New Deal programs were passed.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

A New Deal law that regulated industry and promoted economic recovery.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Enforced fair wages, work hours, and industry codes under the NIRA.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Funded large-scale public works projects to create jobs and boost the economy.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A New Deal program that built dams and provided electricity in the Tennessee Valley.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers to reduce crop production to stabilize prices.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought and soil erosion in the 1930s that displaced many farmers in the Great Plains.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Provided government-backed loans to make homeownership more accessible.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A labor union that organized industrial workers regardless of skill level.

Sit-down strike

A form of protest where workers occupied factories to demand better conditions.

Share Our Wealth movement

Huey Long's plan to redistribute wealth and end poverty during the Depression.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A major New Deal agency that created jobs in construction, arts, and public services.

Wagner Act

Guaranteed workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Social Security Act

Established pensions for the elderly and unemployment insurance.

Welfare state

A government system providing economic and social assistance to citizens.

Court packing

FDR's failed attempt to add Supreme Court justices to secure support for the New Deal.

Indian New Deal

Policies that gave Native American tribes greater self-government and ended forced assimilation.

Popular Front

A left-wing alliance in the 1930s that supported New Deal policies and opposed fascism.

Scottsboro case

A controversial 1930s trial in which nine Black teenagers were falsely accused of raping two white women.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigated suspected communist influence in the U.S. government and society.