Human Memory Exam 1

spacing effect

if study in blocks of time with short sessions over time do better

memory

the ability to acquire retain and retrieve information; any behavior change due to experience is evidence of memory

different approaches to studying memory

cognitive, neuroscience, neuro-psycholoigcal, cognitive-neuroscience,

William James take on conscious retrieval

memory is knowledge of an event, of which meantime we have not been thinking, with the additional consciousness that we have taught or experienced it before

Hermann Ebbinghaus take on conscious retrieval

vanished meant state gives proof of their existence even if they do not return to consciousness at all. most experience remain concealed from consciousness and yet produce an effect that is significant

exposure phase

people tend to chose images they have seen in an exposure phase

mere exposure effect Zajonc

generally speaking we like familiar things more than novel things; familiarity breeds liking

alzheimers

cant time travel; cant move forward and back; they cant even imagine self in future

proposed structure of memory

environment→sensory memory→short-term memory→long-term memory

sensory memory

holding something like a photograph for a moment hold vision for a ¼ of a second

short term memory

is at the maximum of 20-30 sec more like 7/10 certainly not minutes, hours, or days

long term memory

memories that are longer than short term memory and is a large storehouse

components of long-term memory

one in long term memory can go to either explicit or implicit memory. if it goes into explicit I can then become episodic or semantic memory

episodic memory

is like a journal like vivid memory like an episode

semantic memory

concepts of stuff like when you see dog u know its a dog

methodological inquiry

how do we study

Herman ebbinghaus

first to study memory scientifically; founder prof experimental psych; 1879 began independent research; before him people thought study memory to complex

ebinghaus methodological contribution

developed study-test method; study

ebbinghhaus empirical contribuition

developed a body reliable findings about memory

study test method

controlled what was presented and how and when it was tested using meaningless stimuli on himself and tried to avoid pnemonic devices

how did ebbinghaus test memory

in def of memory most experiences remain concealed,ed from consciousness and yet produce and effect that is significant

reductionism

the view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis. Psychology in terms of physiology, physiology in terms of chemistry, and chemistry in terms of physics

verbal learning

a term applied to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists if words and nonsense syllables

Gestalt psychology

an approach to psychology that was strong in Germany in the 1930s and that attempted to use perceptual principles to understand memory and reasoning

schema

proposed by Bartlett to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in which new info is stored and susequentaly recalled m

model

a method of expressing a theory more precisely, allowing predictions to be made and tested q

modal model

a term applied to the model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrrin

sensory memory

a term applied to the brief storage of information within a specific modality

iconic memory

a term applied to the brief storage of visual information

masking

a process by which the perception and/or storage of a stimulus is influenced by events occurring immediately before presentation or more commonly after

echoic memory

a term sometimes applied to auditory sensory memory

short-term memory

a term applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds w

working memory

a mem ory system that underpins our capacity to “keep things in mind” when performing complex tasks

long-term memory

a system or systems assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time

explicit/declarative memory

memory that is open to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events (episodic memory) or facts (semantic memory)

implicit/nondeclarative memory

retrieval of information from long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition s

semantic memory

a system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of the world

episodic memory

a system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events

mental time travel

a term coined by Tulving to emphasize the way in which episodic memory allows us to relive the past and use this information to imagine the future

classical conditioning

a learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus. will come to evoke that response

priming

the process whereby presentation of an item influences th processiong of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process or more difficult

digit span

maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order

working memory span

term applied to a range of complex memory span tasks in which simultaneous storage and processing is required

chunking

the process of combining a number f items into a single chunk typically on the basis of long term memory

phonological loop

term applied by Baddeley and Hitch to the component of their model responsible for the temporary storage of spearlike information

phonological similarity effect

tendency for immediate serial recall of verbal material to be reduced when the items are similar in sound

articulatory suppression

a technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item

word length effect

a tendency for verbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used

irrelevant sound effect

a tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds including both speech and music

free recall

a method whereby participants are presented with a sequence of items which they are subsequently required to recall in any order they wish

recency effect

a tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled p

primacy effect

a tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items

long-term recency

a tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long term memory

corsi block tapping

visuo-spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tester taps in a sequence and the patient attempts to copy

visa-spatial STM

retention of visual and/or spatial information over brief periods of time

the learning curve

how memory is affected by repetition, y axis is knowledge, x axis is repetition, positive curve, steep curve when starting out but after time curve becomes gradual

the forgetting curve

forgetting over time; y axis retention x axis elapsed time, negative curve with steep decrease within 20 mins retention down 59%

destination memory

who u gave something to

source memory

who gave you this memory

implicit memory task

encoding→ retention→retrieval

mere exposure effect

familiarity with something affects your opinion on it

modal model

large capacity 75%; very short; raw sensory coding; decay

primacy effect

better memory for the beginning of the list

modality effect

a larger regency effect for auditory info than visual

suffice effect

an auditory stimulus after the list wipes out the modality effect