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What does "considering the opposite" help with in decision-making?
It helps mitigate cognitive biases by prompting individuals to brainstorm ways their assumptions might be flawed, encouraging a balanced evaluation.
Define 'Machiavellianism' as a personality trait.
Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by manipulation and deceitfulness to achieve personal goals.
How does personality influence behavior in structured vs unstructured environments?
Personality has a greater influence in unstructured environments because individuals have more freedom to act according to their disposition.
What is overplacement?
Overplacement is the form of overconfidence where an individual believes they are better than others, misjudging their performance relative to peers.
What kind of research method is used when a manager sends a job satisfaction survey?
It is a correlational survey, which can demonstrate relationships but not prove causation.
How can multitasking lead to the fundamental attribution error?
Multitasking divides attention, making it harder to consider situational factors influencing others' behavior, leading to dispositional attributions.
Describe 'naïve realism' and its impact in business.
Naïve realism is the belief that one's perceptions are objective, which can cause conflict in business as individuals may consider only their own viewpoint logical.
What is the 'overclaiming of responsibility' bias?
It is the tendency for individuals to overestimate their contributions to teamwork, due to greater awareness of their own efforts.
Why is written communication more prone to miscommunication?
It lacks immediate feedback and clarification, leading writers to assume their messages are clear without addressing potential confusion.
What is assimilation in communication?
The process of distorting information to fit existing beliefs or schemas.
Explain confirmation bias.
The tendency to search for and interpret information that confirms one’s prior beliefs.
What is conscientiousness?
A personality trait characterized by being organized, responsible, and achievement-oriented.
Define correlational survey.
A research method that examines relationships between variables but does not establish causation.
What is the curse of knowledge?
A cognitive bias where someone assumes that others have the same background knowledge they do.
What does the experimental method involve?
It manipulates one or more variables to determine their causal effects on another variable.
Define fundamental attribution error.
The tendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for others’ behavior while minimizing situational factors.
What is the illusion of transparency?
It is the belief that one is communicating their thoughts clearly when they are not.
Define proactivity as a personality trait.
The tendency to actively shape the situations one experiences, particularly in professional contexts.
What are qualitative interviews?
A research method that gathers detailed information through open-ended conversations with participants.
What is random assignment in research?
Assigning participants to groups in a way that ensures each has an equal chance of being placed in any group.
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