Neuro Exam 1 - Urination and Defecation
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67 Terms
What are the layers of the bladder?
serosa, detrusor muscle, submucosa, and muscosa
What type of muscle the the detrusor muscle?
smooth muscle
How many layers of smooth muslce is the detrusor muscle?
3 layers
What connected detrusor muscle cells?
tight/gap junctions
What nerves innervate the bladder (detrusor muscle)?
hypogastric and pelvic nerve
What nerve relaxes the bladder?
hypogastric nerve
What nerve contracts the bladder?
pelvic nerve
What is the function of electrial synapses?
synchronize cell populations
Where are electrical synapses mostly found?
cardiac and smooth muscle
How to electrical signals travel from one cell to another?
gap junctions
What type of synapse functions to synchronize contration in smooth muscle?
electrical synapse
Where do the muscle fibers of the detrusor muscle change from circular to longitudinal?
Internal urethral sphincter
What is less distensible (less stretchy) than the rest of the bladder?
Internal urethral sphincter
What type of muscle is the internal urthral sphincter?
smooth muscle
What type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter?
skeletal muscle
What are the skeletal muscle fibers surrounding focal areas of the urethra?
external urethral sphincter
Where is the external urethral sphincter in male dogs?
post prostatic
Where is the external urethral sphincter in female dogs?
mid urethral
Where is the eternal urethral sphincter in male cats?
post pristatic and distal urethra
Where is the external urethral sphinter in female cats?
distal urethra
What intervates the external urethral sphinter?
pudenal nerve
What innervates the internal urethral sphincter?
hypogastric nerve
What nerve causes contraction of the external urethral sphinter?
pudendal nerve
Where does the pudendal nerve come from?
S1-3
What receptors do the pudendal nerve affect by giving it acetylcholine?
nicotinic
What nerve causes detrusor muscle contraction thus urination?
pelvic nerve
Where does the pelvic nerve come from?
S1-3
What nervous system governs the pudendal nerve?
somatic nervous system
What nervous system governs the pelvic nerve?
parasympathetic
What receptors does the pelvic nerve release acetocholine to?
muscarinic
Where does the hypogastric nerve come from?
L1-4
What nervous system governs the hypogastric nerve?
sympathetic
What neurotransmitter and receptors combo does the hypogastric nerve use?
norepinephrine to alpha receptors
What is nerve is NOT involved in urination?
Peroneal nerve
What must happen to each nerve to allow for peeing?
excite pelvic nerve, inhibit pudendal nerve, and inhibit hypogastric nerve
What must happen to the nerves to allow for pee storage?
inhibit pelvic nerve, excite pudendal nerve, excite hypogastric nerve
What cause exciting the pelvic nerve cause?
bladder contraction
What does inhibiting the pudendal nerve cause??
relax EUS
What does inhibiting the hypogastric nerve cause?
relax IUS
What does inhibiting the pelvic nerve cause?
bladder relaxtion
What does exciting the pudendal nerve cause?
EUS contraction
What does exciting the hypogastric nerve cause?
IUS contraction
What is this showing?
sensory information from bladder to brainstem micturition center
What signals what for storage excitation of pudendal nerve?
UMN signals LMN
What is this showing?
UMN sending signals to LMN for bladder storage via pudendal nerve
What is this showing?
UMN sending signals to LMN of bladder for storage via hypogastric nerve
What is this showing?
UMN sending signals to LMN for storage via pelvic nerve
What is this showing?
UMN signals LMN to bladder for storage
What is this showing?
UMN signaling LMN for inhibition of pudendal nerve
What is this showing?
UMN signaling LMN for inhibition of hypogastric nerve
What is this showing?
UMN signaling LMN for excitation of pelvic nerve
What is this showing?
UMN signaling LMN for bladder expression
What nerve is this reflex action of?
pudendal nerve
Why do we have a pudendal nerve?
dont pee when sneeze
What is the downfall of the reflex action of the pudendal nerve?
EUS locked up in paraplegic animals
What controls allows for potty training?
cortical control
What UMN formation results in the physiological filling and evacuation of the bladder?
pontine reticular formation
Is cortical control necessary for urination?
No
Is pontine reticular formation necessary for urination to occur?
Yes
Which of the following would NOT result in a bladder that is difficult to express/void?
Lesion at S1-3
What does UMN bladder dysfunction do?
cause a difficult to express bladder due to detrusor, IUS, and EUS tone
What does LMN bladder dysfunction do?
cause leaking because detrusor and EUS cannot contract
Where would a lesion be to cause UMN bladder dysfunction?
T3-L3
Where would a lesion have to be for LMN bladder dysfunction?
L4-S3
What nervous system ensures appropriate movement of p**p through the small intestine and colon?
enteric nervous system
What innervates the rectum and anal sphincter?
pudendal nerve
What part of the motor nervous system allows for defectation to occur?
UMN enteric system