chapter 15 history

Abraham Lincoln was elected president in which year?

1860

Which of the following people called for the end of slavery's expansion westward?

Abraham Lincoln

Which of the following people called for the end of slavery's expansion westward?

Extension of citizenship to African Americans

Who were southern cooperationists and what did they believe?

SOUTHERNS IN 1860 WHO ADVOCATED SECESSSION BY THE south as a whole rather than unilateral secession by each state

which was the first state to concede

South Carolina, which had long been in the forefront of southern rights and proslavery agitation

On December 20, 1860, a convention in Charleston declared unanimously that

"the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of the 'United States of America,' is hereby dissolved."

The constitutional theory behind secession was that the Union was a

"compact" among sovereign states, each of which could withdraw from it by the vote of a convention similar to the one that had ratified the Constitution in the first place.

Cooperationists, who believed the slave states should act as a

Unit, opposed those who advocated immediate secession by each state individually

Cooperationists did well in which states

Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

did the secessionist or the cooperationist win the majority vote

secessionists

What attitude -- moderate or radical -- dominated the February, 1861, Confederate convention?

Relatively moderate leaders, most of whom had not supported secession until after Lincoln's election, dominated the proceedings and defeated or modified the pet schemes of extreme southern nationalists.

What did the Confederate Constitution say about slavery in the territories? 15.1.1

The central government was denied the authority to interfere with slavery in the states and was required to protect slavery in the territories.

which state and delegates established the confederate states of America on February

Delegates from the Deep South met in Montgomery, Alabama,

what did the confederacy voted for

reopen the Atlantic slave trade, abolish the three-fifths clause (in favor of counting all slaves in determining congressional representation), and prohibit admitting free states

the southern central government denied

impose protective tariff and subsidize internal improvements

The decision to allow free states to join the Confederacy reflected a hope that

the old Union could be reconstituted under southern direction.

what did Vice President Stephens speak for all the founders of the Confederacy

he described the cornerstone of the new government as "the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man—that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural condition."

What were the provisions of the Crittenden Compromise?

- which advocated extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific to protect slavery in the southwestern territories and prevent civil war.

- The federal government would compensate the owners of escaped slaves, and a constitutional amendment would forever prohibit the federal government from abolishing or regulating slavery in the states.

who was taking the crittenden compromise seriously

Congressional Republicans

when did the congressional republicans support evaporate for crittenden compromise

President-elect Lincoln adamantly opposed extending the Compromise line.

what happen when Lincoln's resounding "no" to the central provision of the Crittenden plan and similar proposals stiffened the backbone of congressional Republicans, and they voted against compromise

members of the committees of both houses set up to avert war.

who else voted against the crittenden compromise

remaining senators and congressmen of the seceding states, who had vowed to support no compromis

how will the remaining senators and congressmen of the seceding states, who had vowed to support no compromise change their minds

the majority of Republicans endorsed it.

what was the cittenden compromise purpose for the northern sectional party

would end its attacks on "southern rights."

Republicans had always acknowledged that the federal government had no constitutional authority to

meddle with slavery in the states.

The only way to resolve the crisis over the future of slavery and reunite the "house divided" was to

remove any chance that slaveholders could enlarge their domain.

Lincoln and those who took his advice had what they considered good reasons for not

making territorial concessions.

What did Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address indicate about his response to the secession of southern states?

- called for a cautious use of force. He would defend federal forts not yet in Confederate hands, but would not attempt to recapture the ones already taken.

- He thus tried to shift the burden for beginning hostilities to the Confederacy, which would have to attack before it would be attacked.

during Lincoln's inaugural address , U.S. forces held only four military installations within the

seceded states

How did Lincoln's Cabinet initially respond to the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina?

Lincoln's cabinet opposed reinforcing or provisioning Sumter, on the grounds that it was indefensible. Secretary of State Seward was so certain this would be the decision that he so advised Confederate representatives. But on April 4, Lincoln ordered that the beleaguered troops in Charleston Harbor be resupplied. Two days later, he notified the governor of South Carolina that a relief expedition was being sent.

Attention focused on Fort Sumter because

the Confederacy, egged on by South Carolina, was demanding the surrender of a garrison that was within easy reach of shore batteries and running low on supplies.

Shortly after taking office, what did Lincoln was informed about Sumter

not hold out much longer and that he would have to decide whether to reinforce it or let it fall.

What caused the Upper South states to secede after Fort Sumter?

These slave states of the Upper South had been unwilling to secede just because Lincoln was elected, but when he called on them to provide troops to "coerce" other southern states, they had to choose sides. Believing that secession was a constitutional right, they cut their ties with a government that opted to use force to maintain the Union and asked them to join the effort.

The expedition sailed on April 8 and 9, but before it arrived, Confederate authorities decided that sending supplies was a

hostile act and attacked the Sumter fort.

when and how was the Sumter fort damaged

On the morning of April 12, shore batteries opened fire; the bombardment continued for 40 hours without loss of life

how was the confederate flagged raised over the for Sumter

Finally, on April 13, the Union forces under Major Robert Anderson surrendered,

two days after confederate won the fort Sumter , who joined confederacy

- Virginia convention that had rejected secession in February

- five weeks, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed suit.

Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln's former political rival, pledged his full support for the crusade against

secession and literally worked himself to death rallying midwestern Democrats behind the government.

Which group believed that the slave states should act as a unit on the secession issue?

Cooperationists

Why did Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas resist calls for immediate secession from the Union?

Their economy was tied with the north

Which of the following reflects the constitutional theory behind the secession from the Union?

The union was a compact of sovereign states, each of which had the right to leave it

Which of the following slave states remained loyal to the Union?

Kentucky

Which side - the North or the South - had the upper hand with regard to material resources?

North

At the beginning of the conflict, both sides had more volunteers than

they could arm and outfit

what happen to the state's volunteers when the war was short and faded

pool of volunteers began to dry up

what happen to early recruiters during the war

been enrolled for short terms, were reluctant to reenlist.

what resolve the problem for early recruiters who been reenlisted or enrolled short term

the Confederacy passed a conscription law in April 1862, and in July, Congress gave Lincoln the power to assign manpower quotas to each state and resort to conscription if they were not met

To produce the materials of war, both governments relied mainly on

private industry

In the North especially, the system of contracting with private firms and individuals to supply the army resulted in

corruption and inefficiency.

what did the northern government supply to the army

shoddy uniforms that disintegrated in heavy rain, defective rifles, and horses unfit for service.

why was the norths economy strong at the core

By 1863, its factories and farms were producing more than enough to provision the troops without lowering the living standards of the civilian population.

which side's economy was less adaptable to the needs of a total war was

The southern economy

The South of 1861 imported most of its

manufactured goods

As the Union blockade became more effective, the Confederacy had to rely on

a government-sponsored crash program to produce war materials.

the Confederate Ordnance Bureau, under the able direction of General Josiah Gorgas, produced or procured sufficient armaments to keep

southern armies well supplied throughout the conflict

who failed to meet agriculture

South

why did the south fail with agriculture

Planters were reluctant to shift from staples that could no longer be readily exported to urgently needed foodstuffs.

What was the south more significant with supplying the war

internal transportation system

how was the south's internal transportation system during the war

Its limited rail network was designed to link plantation regions to port cities rather than to connect food-producing areas with centers of population, the way the North's was

did the railroads resolve the agriculture problem for the south

Railroad construction during the war did not resolve the problem; most of the new lines facilitated the movement of troops, not the distribution of food.

even If confederate soldiers were well armed, what was an issue for them

increasingly undernourished

during the war by 1863, civilians in urban areas were rioting to protest

shortages of food

To supply the troops, the Confederate commissary resorted to the

impressment of agricultural produce at below the market price, a policy that farmers and local politicians resisted so vigorously that it eventually had to be abandoned

during the war, Another challenge both sides faced was

how to finance the struggle.

during the war, both sides imposed special war taxes, neither side was willing to resort to the

heavy taxation that was needed to maintain fiscal integrity.

What were "Greenbacks?"

paper currency issued by the union during the civil war

early 1862, the Union printed $150 million in Treasury notes, known as

greenbacks because of their color.

In what way did Lincoln expand executive power in the earliest days of the war?

After the fighting started at Fort Sumter, he expanded the regular army and advanced public money to private individuals without congressional authorization. Marshal law

On April 27, 1861, Lincoln declared martial law, which enabled the

military to arrest civilians suspected of aiding the enemy; and suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the area between Philadelphia and Washington, because of mob attacks on Union troops in Baltimore.

Abraham Lincoln interpreted a president's wartime powers extremely broadly, most famously by

suspending the writ of habeas corpus in the first year of the Civil War, which allowed the indefinite detention of "disloyal persons" without trial.

In September 1862, Lincoln extended this authority (martial law) to all parts of the United States where

"disloyal" elements were active.

For the most part, the Lincoln administration tolerated a broad spectrum of

political dissent

the government briefly closed down a few newspapers when

they allegedly published false information or military secrets, anti-administration journals were allowed to criticize the president and his party at will.

A few politicians were arrested for

pro-Confederate activity

even though politicians were arrested for pro-Confederate activity, "Peace Democrats"—who called for restoring the Union by negotiation rather than force—ran for

office and sat in Congress and state legislatures

When a majority of the party came around to the view that freeing the slaves was necessary to the war effort, what did Lincoln do

complied with their wishes while minimizing the disenchantment of the conservative minority.

how did Lincoln succeed in unifying the nation by force.

incoln held the party together by persuasion, patronage, and flexible policy making;

What did the suspension of the "writ of habeas corpus" allow President Lincoln to do?

Suspending the writ enabled the government to arrest Confederate sympathizers and hold them without trial

The "great writ" of habeas corpus is what gives prisoners the right to

challenge their imprisonment in court.

what did Lincoln also imposed

martial law throughout the Union and placed limits on the freedom of speech and the press.

n 1864, the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act did not authorize the

creation of military tribunals or the imposition of martial law in places where the courts were working—but President Lincoln ignored the Supreme Court's decision.

These serious suspensions of civil liberties came to an end with the close of the

Civil War

many of the same issues raised by President Lincoln during the Civil War have been revisited during

the Iraqi conflict in the last two decades

In what part of the country did the Union win important victories early in the war?

the West

In February 1862, a joint military-naval operation, under General Ulysses S. Grant, captured

Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland along with 14,000 prisoners.

The Confederate army withdrew from

Kentucky and middle Tennessee.

Shiloh halted the Union's effort to seize the

Mississippi Valley, on April 26

Union fleet from the Gulf captured

New Orleans

Why was General McClellan replaced as General-in-Chief after the battle of Antietam?

McClellan was slow in pursuit, and Lincoln blamed him for letting the enemy escape. He replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E. Burnside, who was responsible for a disastrous assault on Confederate forces at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862.This Union defeat ended a year of bitter failure for the North in the East.

who did George McClellan replace

McDowell as commander of troops in the Washington area and then became general in chief when Scott was eased into retirement.

Which of the following produced or procured sufficient armaments to keep southern armies well supplied throughout the Civil War?

Confederate ordnance bureau

Which of the following reflects Abraham Lincoln's exercise of executive power during the Civil War?

Suspension of the writ of baheas corpus

The Supreme Court during both the Lincoln and Bush administrations held that presidents did not have the authority to __________.

create military tribunals

The Union occupation of __________ paved the way for a blockade of the southern coast.

New Orleans

Who took command of the Confederate Army?

Robert e lee

Why was Lincoln initially reluctant to call for emancipation of slaves in the early years of the war?

Lincoln's caution stemmed from fear of alienating Unionists in the border slave states and from his own preference for a gradual, compensated form of emancipation.

At the beginning of the war, when the North still hoped for a quick and easy victory, only dedicated abolitionists favored

turning the struggle for the Union into a crusade against slavery.

Lincoln reversed the orders of field commanders who sought to free slaves in areas their forces occupied, thus angering

abolitionists and the strongly antislavery Republicans known as Radicals.

Lincoln was also aware that the racial prejudice of most whites in the North and the South was an obstacle to any

program leading to emancipation.

Lincoln was pessimistic about

equality for blacks in the United States.