BIO 112 (Animal Biology) Intensive Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering the vocabulary and key concepts of animal biology, taxonomy, cell biology, and genetics based on the BIO 112 lecture guide.

Galileo

The first scientist credited with inventing a microscope in the year $1610$.

Cells

The cork-like structures observed by Hooke in $1665$ after examining thin slices of cork.

Schleiden and Schwann

The scientists who published works on plant and animal cells.

Rudolf Virchow

The scientist who famously stated "omnis cellula e cellula" (every cell stems from another cell).

Organismal theory

The theory proposing that the entire organism is the basic entity, while cells are merely incidental sub-units.

Nucleoids

The term used to refer to the naked nuclei found in prokaryotic cells.

Cristae

The folded inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Mitochondria

Organelles that contain enzymes for the Kreb's cycle and electron transfer, and are inherited uniquely from the female parent only.

Lysosomes

The organelle responsible for destroying worn-out organelles and regarded as the "suicide bag."

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus whose main function is the synthesis of RNA.

Fibroblasts

Cells responsible for secreting protein fibres.

Haemoglobin

The red pigment found within erythrocytes (biconcave, disc-shaped cells).

Platelets

The blood cells responsible for blood clotting.

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history and line of descent of a species or higher taxonomic group.

Systema Naturae

The book written by Linnaeus regarding biological classification.

Binomial nomenclature

Linnaeus’ system for naming species.

Metamerism

The phenomenon exhibited by animals that have somites (segments).

Cephalization

The biological term for head formation.

Appendages

Protruding parts of an organism that serve functions such as locomotion and feeding.

Notochord

The term for the primitive vertebral column.

Monoecious

A term for an animal containing both female and male sex organs in one individual; also known as a hermaphrodite.

Holoblastic

The term describing the complete cleavage of an egg.

Meroblastic

The term describing the incomplete cleavage of an egg.

Mastigophora

A class of protozoa characterized by the possession of flagella.

Sporozoa

Members of protozoa that have no locomotory organelles; includes Plasmodium.

Contractile vacuole

The cell structure that regulates water content and performs osmoregulatory functions.

Pinacoderm

The outer body surface of sponges, composed of flat cells called pinacocytes.

Mesohyl

A gelatinous protein matrix located between the inner and outer layers of sponges.

Choanocytes

Flagellated collar cells that line the internal layer of sponges.

Osculum

The opening through which waste products and water are carried out of a sponge's body.

Coelenteron

The characteristic gut opening found in coelenterates (cnidarians).

Diploblastic

Organisms that possess two body layers (epidermis and gastrodermis).

Triploblastic

Organisms that have three body cavities/layers.

Nematocyst

Thread-like capsules used by cnidarians for defense, feeding, and attachment.

Regeneration

The replacement of lost parts of an organism.

Vitellarium

The structure responsible for the production of yolk cells in Platyhelminthes.

Flame Cells

Cells that make up the excretory system of planaria.

Miracidia

The first developmental stage in the life cycle of trematodes.

Metacercariae

A miniature Fasciola gigantica; formed when a cercariae forms a cyst over its body.

Scolex

The anterior region of a tapeworm.

Rennette Cells

Glandular structures that make up the excretory system of nematodes.

Nephridium

The major excretory organ in annelids.

Clitellum

A structure associated with the production of cocoons in annelids where fertilization usually occurs.

Exoskeleton

The type of skeleton found in arthropods, often composed of chitin (a polysaccharide).

Haemocoel

The blood space in arthropods where blood vessels open.

Ecdysis

The periodic shedding of the cuticle; also known as moulting.

Aristotle’s lantern

The main chewing apparatus found in echinoids.

Evisceration

A process in Cucumaria where the entire digestive system, respiratory tracts, and gonads are expelled.

Archaeopteryx

Identified as the earliest bird.

Heredity

The way in which characteristics are inherited or passed from generation to generation.

Agglutination

The clumping of red blood cells, often caused by reactions between antigens and antibodies.

Autotomy

The process by which appendages of some organisms are cast off in stressful situations.

Viviparity

The type of reproduction characteristic of placental mammals.